Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson Essay Example for Free

Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson EssaySigmund Freud and Erik Erikson argon ii of psychologys trainingal forerunners, each one having his own surmise behind personality and the elements of advancing done the full stops of life. Eriksons theories came after Freuds and build on Freuds original acidify. twain of these psychologists have some common similarities and some differences as well in life, their c atomic number 18rs and how we use their work and theories still. Sigmund Freud was born(p) in Freiberg. Austria on May 6, 1856.When he was four his family moved to Vienna, where he would get laid and work for virtually of the catch ones breathder of his life. He ownd his medical degree in 1881 and married the following year. He had half dozen clawrenthe youngest of whom, Anna, was to herself become a distinguished psycho analyst. After graduation, Freud set up a private practice and began treating different psychological disorders. Considering himself offset printi ng and fore nearly a scientist, rather than a doctor, he strived to understand the journey of tender-hearted knowledge and experience.Early in his career, Freud was greatly baffled by the work of his Viennese colleague, Josef Breuer, who had discovered that when he encourage a hysterical patient to talk openly about the earliest events of the symptoms, the symptoms sometimes gradually decreased. exalt by Breuer, Freud proposed that neuroses had their roots in deeply traumatic experiences that had transpired in the patients past. He believed that the original occurrences had been forgotten and hole-and-corner(a) from sureness.His treatment was to em provide his patients to recall the experience and bring it to consciousness, and in doing so, confront it. He believed one could then(prenominal) release it and rid oneself of the neurotic symptoms. Freud and Breuer published their theories and findings in Studies in Hysteria (1895) In January 1933, the Nazis took control of Ger ga lore(postnominal), and Freuds books were full-grown among those they burned and destroyed. Freud quipped What progress we are devising. In the Middle Ages they would have burned me. Now, they are content with burning my books. Freud proceed to maintain his optimistic underestimation of the growing Nazi threat and remained determined to stay in Vienna, even following the Anschluss of 13 March 1938 in which Nazi Germany annexed Austria, and the outbursts of violent anti-Semitism that ensued. Ernest Jones, the then chairperson of the International Psychoanalytic Association (IPA), flew into Vienna from London via Prague on 15 March determined to wee Freud to change his mind and seek exile in Britain. This prospect and the shock of the detention and interrogation of Anna Freud by the Gestapo finally convinced Freud it was time to leave Austria.3 Erik Erikson was born June 15, 1902 in Frankfurt, Germany. His m otherwise and father had obscure beforehand his birth, but it was kept a secret from him that he was his mothers kid from an extramarital union. His mother raise Erik by herself before marrying a physician, Dr. Theodor Homberger. The fact that Homberger was not his biological father was kept secret from him for many years. When he finally did learn the truth, he was left with a touch sensation of confusion about who he really was. This experience helped spark his interest in the spend a pennyation of identity and was further contracted found upon his experiences in school.Like Freud, Erikson was raised in Jewish religion. At his temple school, clawren teased him for being Nordic because he was tall, blonde, and blue-eyed. In grammar school, he was excluded because of his Jewish abideground. These experiences helped fuel his interest in identity formation and continued to influence his work throughout his life. Erikson was a student and teacher of arts, and while teaching at a private school in Vienna, he became acquainted with Anna Freud, the daughter of Sigmund Freud. Erikson underwent psychoanalysis, and after the experience he finalize to become an analyst himself.He was trained in psychoanalysis at the Vienna Psychoanalytic make for and also studied the Montessori Method of education, which pore on child beatment and sexual poses. In 1933, the Nazis came to power in Germany, and like Freud, Erikson and his wife Joan were forced to immigrate, first to Denmark and then to the United States, where he became the first child psychoanalyst in Boston. Psychoanalysis was created by Sigmund Freud (1916-1917). Freud believed that pot could be cured by making conscious their unconscious thoughts, thus gaining insight.The goal of psychoanalysis therapy is to let go of repressed emotions and experiences. Psychoanalysis is ordinarily used to treat depression and anxiety disorders. In his book The Psychopathology of Everyday Life, Freud explained how these unconscious thoughts and impulses are expressed, often through slips of the tongue (known as Freudian slips) and dreams. The psychoanalytic theory suggested by Sigmund Freud had a marvelous impact on 20th-century thought, inspiring the mental health field as well as other areas including art, literature and popular culture.Freud developed a theory that described development in terms of a series of psychosexual delivers. According to Freud, struggles that arise during each of these orders can have a lifelong influence on personality and behavior. In Freuds theory Psychoanalytic theory suggested that personality is generally accomplished by age of five. Early experiences play a large single-valued function in personality development and continue to influence behavior later in life. If these psychosexual stages are completed positively, the result is a healthy personality. If certain issues are not resolved at the appropriate stage, fixation can occur.A fixation is an insistent focus on an earlier psychosexual stage. Until this troth is resolved, the individual leave remain stuck in this stage. Oral Stage During the oral stage, the infants primary source of interaction occurs through the mouth, so the grow and sucking reflex is especially important. The mouth is vital for eating, and the infant derives pleasure from oral stimulation through gratifying activities such as tasting and sucking. Because the infant is entirely dependent upon caretakers (who are responsible for aliment the child), the infant also develops a sentiency of trust and comfort through this oral stimulation.The primary conflict at this stage is the weaning processthe child must become less dependent upon caretakers. If fixation occurs at this stage, Freud believed the individual would have issues with dependency or aggression. Oral fixation can result in problems with drinking, eating, smoking, or nail biting. Anal Stage The anal stage is directly related to a childs awareness of bowel control and gaining pleasure through the act of eliminating or ret aining feces. Freuds theory puts the anal stage between 18 months and three years.It is believed that when a child becomes fixated on receiving pleasure through commanding and eliminating feces, a child can become obsessed with control, perfection, and cleanliness. This is often referred to as anal retentive, while anal expulsive is the opposite. Those who are anal expulsive may be extremely disorganized, live in chaos, and are known for making messes. Phallic Stage Freud believes the phallic stage or the Oedipus or Electra complexes occurs during a child is three to sextet years of age.The impression is that male children harbor unconscious, sexual attraction to their mothers, while female children develop a sexual attraction to their father. Freud taught that young boys also deal with bumpings of rivalry with their father. These feelings naturally resolve once the child begins to identify with their same sex parent. By identifying with the same sex parent, the child continues w ith normal, healthy sexual development. If a child becomes fixated during this phase, the result could be sexual deviance or a confused sexual identity. rotational latency StageThe latency stage is named so because Freud believed thither werent many overt forms of sexual gratification displayed. This stage is said to last from the age of six until a child enters puberty. Most children throughout this age form same sex friendships and play in a manner that is non-sexual. Unconscious sexual desires and thoughts remain repressed. venereal Stage Freud believed that after the unconscious, sexual desires are repressed and remain dormant during the latency stage, they are change due to puberty. This stage begins at puberty and develops with the physiology changes brought on through hormones.The prior stages of development result in a focus on the genitals as a source for pleasure and teens develop and seek attractions to the opposite sex. The genital stage is the last stage of the psych osexual development theory. 4 Those inspired and influenced by Freud went on to expand upon Freuds ideas and develop theories of their own. Erik Eriksons ideas have become perhaps the best known. Eriksons eight-stage theory of psychosocial development describes return and change throughout the lifespan, focusing on social interaction and conflicts that arise during different stages of development.Psychosocial Stage 1-Trust vs. discredit The first stage of Eriksons theory of psychosocial development occurs between birth and one year of age and is the most fundamental stage in life. Because an infant is utterly dependent, the development of trust is based on the dependability and quality of the childs caregivers. If a child successfully develops trust, he or she give feel safe and capture in the world. Caregivers who are inconsistent, emotionally unavailable, or rejecting contribute to feelings of mistrust in the children they care for.Failure to develop trust will result in fear and a belief that the world is inconsistent and unpredictable. Of course, no child is going to develop a sense of ascorbic acid percent trust or 100 percent doubt. Erikson believed that successful development was all about striking a balance between the two opposing sides. When this happens, children acquire hope, which Erikson described as an openness to experience tempered by some solicitude that danger may be present. Psychosocial Stage 2 Autonomy vs. Shame and DoubtThe second stage of Eriksons theory of psychosocial development takes place during early childhood and is focused on children developing a great sense of personal control. Like Freud, Erikson believed that bathroom training was a vital part of this process. However, Eriksons reasoning was preferably different than that of Freuds. Erikson believe that learning to control ones bodily functions leads to a feeling of control and a sense of independence. Other important events include gaining more control over food choices, toy preferences, and clothing selection.Children who successfully complete this stage feel secure and confident, while those who do not are left with a sense of inadequacy and self-doubt. Erikson believed that achieving a balance between autonomy and shame and doubt would lead to will, which is the belief that children can act with intention, within reason and limits. Psychosocial stage 3 Initiative vs. Guilt During the preschool years, children begin to keep up their power and control over the world through directing play and other social interactions.Children who are successful at this stage feel capable and able to lead others. Those who part to acquire these skills are left with a sense of guilt, self-doubt, and lack of initiative. When an ideal balance of individual initiative and a willingness to work with others is achieved, the ego quality known as purpose emerges. Psychosocial Stage 4 Industry vs. Inferiority This stage covers the early school years from approx imately age 5 to 11. Through social interactions, children begin to develop a sense of pride in their accomplishments and abilities.Children who are encouraged and commended by parents and teachers develop a feeling of competence and belief in their skills. Those who receive little or no encouragement from parents, teachers, or peers will doubt their abilities to be successful. Successfully finding a balance at this stage of psychosocial development leads to the lastingness known as competence or a belief our own abilities to handle the tasks set before us. Psychosocial Stage 5 Identity vs. Confusion During adolescence, children explore their independence and develop a sense of self.Those who receive proper encouragement and reinforcement through personal exploration will emerge from this stage with a strong sense of self and a feeling of independence and control. Those who remain unsure of their beliefs and desires will feel insecure and confused about themselves and the future. Completing this stage successfully leads to fidelity, which Erikson described as an ability to live by societys standards and expectations. Psychosocial Stage 6 Intimacy vs. Isolation This stage covers the period of early adulthood when people are exploring personal relationships.Erikson believed it was vital that people develop close, commit relationships with other people. Those who are successful at this step will form relationships that are committed and secure. Remember that each step builds on skills knowing in previous steps. Erikson believed that a strong sense of personal identity was important for developing snug relationships. Studies have demonstrated that those with a poor sense of self tend to have less committed relationships and are more likely to suffer emotional isolation, loneliness, and depression.Successful resolution of this stage results in the fair play known as love. It is marked by the ability to form lasting, meaningful relationships with other people . Psychosocial Stage 7 Generativity vs. Stagnation During adulthood, we continue to build our lives, focusing on our career and family. Those who are successful during this phase will feel that they are contributing to the world by being active in their home and community. Those who fail to attain this skill will feel unproductive and uninvolved in the world. Care is the virtue achieved when this stage is handled successfully.Being knightly of your accomplishments, watching your children grow into adults, and developing a sense of unity with your life retainer are important accomplishments of this stage. Psychosocial Stage 8 Integrity vs. Despair This phase occurs during old age and is focused on reflecting back on life. Those who are unsuccessful during this stage will feel that their life has been raddled and will experience many regrets. The individual will be left with feelings of bitterness and despair. Those who feel proud of their accomplishments will feel a sense of int egrity.Successfully completing this phase means looking back with few regrets and a general feeling of satisfaction. These individuals will attain wisdom, even when confronting death. 5 Although there are many similarities between Freud and Eriksons theorys, there are many differences. In the first stage both believe that a child develops their sense of trust at this stage of development. encourage stage both believe that a sense of independence is learned at this stage of development, and that toilet training is an important focus of this independence. Parental attitudes at this time can also have a lasting effect.Third stage, Freud believed this stage was where a child identifies with the same-sex parent and develops self-esteem. Erikson felt that this was the stage where a child begins to exert power and control over their environment. That is where you will start to see more differences in the two theories. Fourth stage, occurs at ages seven through 11. Freud believes that this is an intermediary stage of development where the child forms interactions with their environment. Erikson refers to it as intentness versus inferiority. He believes that children begin to demonstrate their ability to succeed.Fifth stage, according to Freud, this is the final stage, and it continues throughout a persons life. He calls it the genital stage. Freud believes that a person learns to channel their biological instincts into socially-acceptable displays of love and career goals. Erikson called this stage identity versus role confusion. He believed it was a period where the focus of development shifts to social bonding in order to corroborate meaning in ones life and assert individuality. Erikson continues with three more stages which occur throughout adulthood.