Analysis of Leadership and Management Research Paper

Analysis of Leadership and Management - Research Paper ExampleHence, neuter is a continuous process in an agreement. It acts as an effective tool, which facilitates the organization to achieve its goals and objectives. Change is practical only when the employees be ready to accept the commute. Therefore, transfer leads to the transformation from the old state to the new state, which helps an organization to understand its external and internal conditions. (Collett, n.d.). Successful change management requires employees support and top management support. When the change can non be managed in a systematic way, there will be a decline in productivity and quality. Therefore, while implementing the change mainly people are not mentally and physically flout to accept the change because employees are shifting their old way of doing the things and thus there will be lack of confidence and disloyalty among the employees. Last but not least change will lead to an change magnitude in absenteeism. In case of effective change management, there will be an increase in productivity and organization standard, the employees will start contributing ideas and providing solutions towards the problems, employees interest, and motivation level rise up.To exist in the competitive market, an organization needs to bring behavioral change in employees in order to help them to adjust to the new organizational culture. Therefore, change focuses on creating a new product. For example, Tea Gardens, Jute Mills etc are lucrative organizations but they have been changing from hand to hand perhaps because the new ones are not competent like the earlier ones. That is how changes are continuously going from years to years. Change always requires an bare(a) effort to learn new things since it provides an opportunity for people to feel responsible for the accomplishment of work. From the theories and models of the change management, we generally develop our understanding of planned organ izational change. According to Kotters framework, change management focuses on change magnitude employee motivation and encouraging him/her to adopt the change (Heathcote & Taylor, 2007, p.2-7). The reason behind the successful organization change is buckram leadership and educating the employees about the change that will occur in day-to-day activities of the organization. Kurt Lewin represented the three-stage process of change in order to bring the change in the organization. His model is, known as Unfreeze- Change Refreeze. At the Unfreezing stage, the managers educate the people about the change.

What factors affect the gender pay gap in the UK industries Literature review

What factors affect the gender pay bedcover in the UK industries - Literature review patternRecent statistics indicate that the percentage for GPG has increased exponentially in recent times as compared to the forward five years despite the measures taken to abate the differences. Women begin to experience these wage differences with their male counterparts in their first jobs and the gap continues to widen as the women continue to rise in their careers (Blau, Brinton, Grusky, 2009, pp. 121). This literature reviews examines the different factors that accommodate resulted in such discrepancies in the labor force in the UK. The factors contributing to gender pay gap among women in full time employment can be grouped in to four important categories namely education, experience, occupation, and unexplained factors.Over the years, the number of women accessing higher(prenominal) education has been minimal as compared to the number of men. This has negatively affected both employment and wage rates for women because men often most men devour higher educational qualifications. As a result, women need to have slightly superior degrees, for instance a masters or a doctorate degree in order to earn the same touchstone as their male counterparts with only a first degree (Chant, 2010, pp. 73). The government has taken several, measures to promote higher education for women in the country and the situation is likely to be remedied in the future.Another factor link to experience is professional experience. Women tend to have less professional experience as compared to their male counterparts in similar positions. Womens professional experience is cut down due to various factors including duration exhausted on maternity leaves, or time taken off to take care of children. This has in bout affected the wages and salaries that women get in similar positions held by men.One other factor that contributes to the GPG is occupation. The federation generally classifies vari ous occupations as male or female professions. Most women would therefore be

The Need Of Imposing Age Limit On Energy Drinks Research Proposal

The Need Of sublime Age Limit On Energy Drinks - Research Proposal ExampleThis report was authorized to ensure the health risks and impacts of energy drinks on the human health, particularly in adolescents because of the increasing number of emergency visits and close incidents. The research will help in drawing attention to the fact that energy drinks contain versatile substances in an extremely high amount causing serious health issues and even deaths. Energy drinks argon extreme caffeinated beverages that argon designed to boost the energy level of its consumers because caffeine has been proven as a drug to change the mood. A small can of Monster energy drink contains 160mg caffeine and mass usually drink two or more energy drinks inside 24-36 hours. In this regard, energy drinks are precise harmful to adults but are more harmful to children and teenagers who are very young to feature such a high amount of caffeine. Recently, the death of a 14-year-old girl from Maryland wa s reported as a expiration of the consumption of two 24 ounce Monster energy drink within 24 hours. Such a huge amount of caffeine in the body of a very young girl caused toxicity. In the US in 2011 alone, 20,000 emergency visits were reported as a result of energy drink consumption. Further, the online survey revealed that most of the consumers of energy drinks are unaware about the contents and its impacts on human health and they are assuming energy drinks as a source of safe refreshment and energy booster. In our survey, 14% participants were very young to consume energy drinks, i-e, between the age assemblage 13-15.

Critical analysis of conventionon cluster munitions Essay

small analysis of conventionon cluster munitions - Essay ExampleAlmost 90 countries joined the legal process and 37 others have already signed and ratified the agreement. Meanwhile, the greatest political powers, including the United States, Russia, China and Israel rejected the conventionality and are growing more reluctant to reduce their participation in the global soldiers movement. The openhanded military powers like Russia, China, the United States and Israel will proceed resisting their participation in the international Convention on Cluster Munitions, as long as cluster munitions are the sources of numerous military and economic benefits, which these countries do in their fight against the minor and major military enemies.Understanding the dry cut downs for which the biggest political powers reject the Convention on Cluster Munitions is impossible without having better understanding of what cluster munitions are and how they work. Objectively, cluster munitions are we apons that, when launched or dropped by aircraft, disperse large numbers of sub munitions over wide areas that can be the size of 2 to four football fields (UNDP). That cluster bombs do not always explode upon impact and continue threatening the civilian population remains one of the major issues of public concern. This is also the basic reason for developing and signing the global Convention on Cluster Munitions. Apart from serving the basic doer of casualties in military operations, cluster munitions contribute to food insecurity through the contamination of arable land and by killing livestock (UNDP). Cluster bombs block access to water and sanitation and turn into a serious barrier to economic development (UNDP). Since the World War II, cluster munitions have targeted almost 30 countries, and it is high time new legislation were developed and implemented, to reduce the risks of casualties among the civilian population (UNDP). The technical and military features of cluster muni tions make it difficult for the

Grievances and Arbitration Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Grievances and arbitrament - Article ExampleThe author suggests that in case arbitration failed to master a mutual understanding with teachers, there is a possibility to receive similar grievances from collective. moreover grievance on insufficient salaries can evoke a chain of bargaining. The main idea of the hold is that in case grievance procedure fails there is a chance to settle a negate with the help of arbitration. The perception of the grievance procedure by teachers as uncontaminating and just underlines both trusts to counsel and the board of education. Grievance procedures become widely-known and bear on relations can be more transparent and violations of labor contracts can be settled through grievance or arbitration procedures.Grievance procedure is considered by Roger Prosise author as an option for justice. A violation of teachers contracts was filed to the educational board in order to reach a resolution. Mutual understanding through grievance procedure failed and the case was sent to arbitration. Furthermore alongside with Chapter 6 Grievance and arbitration from the book by Sloan, the article by Roger Prosise Introduction to Grievance and Arbitration expresses the main idea that grievance procedures underline democracy of the working process. Thus in the article, an emphasis is make on the fact that teachers expectations about sufficient salaries are reflected in the example of the grievance procedure, which was settled in arbitration. The grievance and arbitration processes discussed in the article by Roger Prosise deals with the insufficient salaries awarding for teachers with rich bilingual regard but short length of teaching experience. The author succeeded and after grievance procedure and arbitration processes teachers got fair salaries for their teaching. Nevertheless, the conflict wasnt easy to settle and only arbitration bore fruits and teachers got salaries they deserved.

Week 5 assignment paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Week 5 assignment paper - endeavor ExampleThese principles and approaches atomic number 18 useful guides to designing training programs to reduce or eliminate discrimination, stereotyping, and prejudice. The best methods that are adopted are those which mastermind behaviour modification, such as workshops and sensitivity seminars, role playing, and group dynamics. These should be followed on the job with the formation of multicultural teams and fostering collaboration among groups to attain a common goal. in that location are a great variety of training strategies targeted at reducing discrimination, prejudice and stereotypes, which are command by a basic set of principles. Thirteen principles were articulated by a group of famous researchers commissioned by the Carnegie Corporation in 1995, with the task of providing guidelines for action to strategy developers in improving intergroup transaction (Teaching Tolerance, 2012). The first of these is that strategies should address both institutional and individual sources of prejudice. Strategists make the mistake of directing training and methods to address personal prejudices without providing a remedy for organizational or institutional policies that are discriminatory. The second is strategies should change way and motivation, not just inform. Too m some(prenominal) training programs stop at providing lectures and seminars that cater to the intellect, but do nothing to transform the behavior and personal outlook of the individual. The fifth in the series is that strategies should have the sustain and participation of those with power and authority in the organization. Effective programs are those which enjoy the endorsement of top management, because managerial backing minimizes resistance and facilitates resource availability.According to the Denver Foundation (2012), inclusivity training can assume any of three approaches the intercultural/valuing differences approach (emphasizing and understanding in tergroup differences, and celebrating them together),

Position Paper on Global Warming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Position Paper on Global Warming - Essay patternHowever, all of such luxuries have been provided at a cost which is will be paid by the current and the next generations. Global warming is considered to be one of such costs. Global warming is an block off product of the major boost in industrialization and deforestation in the past and current degree centigrade which is causing alarming changes in the environment and temperature levels of the planet. 2. Causes of the Problem United Nations Framework Convention on modality Change explained that the rising of the burning of fossil fuel in vehicles, factories etc causes an alarming increment in the emissions of nursery gases that prove to be harmful for the environment (8). The green house gases are an accumulation of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and newton dioxide (N2O). The accumulation of these gasses in the environment tends to trap the sun rays in the Earths atmosphere, rather than facilitating them to glint back to th e space. The retention of the heat rays from the sum tends to cause an increment in the temperature of the planet and results in nursery effect. This is known as world-wide warming. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change quoted figures that foreground the level of increment in the CO2 emissions in the past years the boost in industrializations in the past 25 years caused an increment of emissions from 278 move per million to an alarming high level of 379 parts per million in 2005 (8). Gore has done tremendous work with the aim of bringing ab bulge out sensory faculty regarding the crisis of global warming. He considered the production of power from fossil fuel burning as the biggest threat to global warming in the prevailing times and promotes immediate rectification of the source (4). take to 1 aim of CO2 in the environment over the years (Hoeven, 8) The above figure shows the increase levels of CO2 in the environment for the past 40 years. It can also be notic ed that the pace of increment has laced since the beginning of the present century. Gore considered deforestation as the second major source of emissions of CO2 in the environment (187). The increasing trend of industrialization and urbanization has caused an increase in deforestation activities which leads to producing greater electricity and heat. Deforestation has dual effects on the environment. Firstly, upon cutting the trees the CO2 present in the trees is led out into the atmosphere. Secondly, trees are naturally equipped to absorb the CO2 from their surroundings this natural cycle is disturbed when the trees are no longer present to absorb CO2. Toepfer explained another reason of the emergence of global warming the depletion of ozone socio-economic class (2). Ozone layer serves as a shield (of molecules) from the intense heat rays from the sun. Toepfer stated after years of purpose of manmade chemicals like chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), it has been concluded by scientists that these emissions cause the depletion of the ozone layer (2). CFCs are utilized in air conditioners, refrigerators, nebuliser cans etc. The depletion of the ozone layer disturbs the natural process of protecting the planet from intense heat rays and results in increasing the temperature of the Earths atmosphere. 3. Effects of Global Warming The following figure shows the projected increasing temperature in the atmosphere of the planet that is predicted to bear even more disastrous effects in the future Figure 2 Projected increase in

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 27

Assignment ExampleThe exemption to this was for those at the constitution toleration time. The person should be at least 35 years of age. The person should have lived in the get together States for at least fourteen years which do not have to be consequent.The president of the linked States should probably not be a native born American, anyone who qualifies to be the president with good leadership can be a united sates president. Once the person has the qualities to lead the person is able to act well the office work. There are those that are not born in the United States notwithstanding have acquired citizenship in the states. They should also be allowed to feel as members of the states.Unelected justice should be allowed to make decisions on the personal held beliefs. When they are allowed to make the decision on the personal held beliefs since the beliefs can be true and postulate change to the Supreme Court. This can bring less criticism of SCOTUS on its

AMERICAN HISTORY SINCE 1900 Assignment One Essay

AMERICAN HISTORY SINCE 1900 Assignment One - Essay ExampleHe never figures up towards the heavenly things that are locatingd before him. He is offered a crown of jewels and a place in Paradise, but he will not stop for a moment to look up from his decidedly earthly labors to consider the benefit of the riches offered to him. In the novel, Bunyan used the character to lay out those that are trapped in the most mundane and unpleasant aspects of earthly existence. He used the gentleman with the Muck Rake as a type and a warning to those who become too preoccupied in the worldly to contemplate the heavenly. President Roosevelts remarks indicate that he felt the muckrakers of his time had their place in the world and that they served a useful purpose in society. He indicated that he sweard that all corruptive should be exposed at all times. He mentioned that he supported the dogged pursuit of slimy men by the just that would shed light on their evil deeds. So in well-nigh ways, i t appears as though the muckrakers had the tacit approval of the president. But the actually name casts doubt on the fare that President Roosevelt really believed the muckrakers could help. The name, based on its origins, indicates a person or people that are very good at one thing and one thing further. They are dedicated to seeing only the basest of worldly pursuits. The name also seems to indicate that he felt the muckrakers were individuals of limited vision. They were, in essence, so alert raking muck that they never could bring themselves to look about at all of the good that was happening or so them. They were more interested in seeing abuse and scandal at every turn than they were in reporting or commenting on things as they really were. This attitude towards the muckrakers seems to indicate that President Roosevelt did not believe that all of the reforms the muckrakers supported needed to result in legislation on in strict regulations on industry. In the case of the me at packing industry, he seems to be holding reform as a threat over the head of the industry leaders. In essence, he is saying that if you dont idle yourselves up you will destroy your own business and exports of your own products. Regulate your own affairs or they will be regulated for you. History shows that the industry did not regulate itself, resulting in the Meat recap Act of 1906 (Coles, 510). Part of the reason the President was so supportive of this piece of legislation is it was greatly demanded by the public. Work Cited Bunyan, John, and James Henderson Thomas. Pilgrimss Progress in Modern English. Chicago Moody, 1964. Print. 7 Coles, Jessie V. The Consumer-buyer and the Market. New York Arno, 1978. Print. 510 The events leading to gentleman War I were largely the result of a system of reciprocal treaties that detain one body politic to enter a conflict if their allies were threatened. Like dominoes falling, on country after another(prenominal) entered the war after the assignation of the heir of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The Austro-Hungarian Empire declared war on Serbia. Germany was duty bound to support the Empire because of a mutual assistance treaty. But on the other hand, Russia, France, Great Britain and in conclusion Italy entered as allies against the Germans and Austrians. If everyone was to honor their obligations to the others, then everyone had to fight. The United States was committed to remaining neutral during the conflict. This was a view that was very popular in the United States and actually helped

Article summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Article summary - Essay ExampleThe author argues that Moliere satirizes some(prenominal) the protagonist and the society that he is a part of, seeking to bring in an element of moderation in reform (Rudin, 309). accord to Rudin, the argument that Rousseau put forward indicated the ineptness of the critique of the protagonist in so much so that he appe ard to be, at the end, at cardinal with very society that he was critiquing. Apart from this, he appeared to be, regenerate from the beginning, a caricature of an extreme form of idealism that was the subject of the comedy that the audience is supposed to express feelings at. The Comedy of Manners is something that he becomes a part of through the laughter that he evokes (Rudin, 311).There are however, according to Rudin, devices, in the form of characters and otherwise, that Moliere employs so as to make the play a critique of both the society and the protagonist. Through these devices, the author is able to propose a middle path t hat would lead to a society that could then probably not be as dishonest and materialistic as the one that the plays talks of. The foils in the play, Philinte and Eliante are two devices that the playwright uses for the purpose of showing how it is attainable to lead a life that is not entirely at odds with the society but also in unanimity with certain rules of it. Eliante leads a life that is unacceptable to the protagonist, Alceste. However, he is in love with her and this love reveals an opportunity for his piteous back to the society (Rudin, 312).Rudin points to the fact that for different eras, the way Alceste is perceived has been different and for the people of Molieres era, he was looked upon as a funny caricature while he was looked at as a wedge heel who fought against the entire world of vice, by the Romantics (like Rousseau). He advocates a mixed response that may be possible for contemporary critics and viewers of the

Personal Development and Careers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Personal Development and Careers - Essay ExampleThis is the reason why it is advised to appreciate whatever good things that a child has made in order to reinforce good behavior push through from them. Parents therefore are advised to learn more ab discover their children specially in their growing up days. On the former(a) hand, unfavorable consequences of certain actions are also well-read which resulted to doing things that will end up positive results. Children only learn a little about the valet and most of their learning can be acquired from their daily experiences with adults. Parents are continuously feeding their children with the right or steady wrong information. However, children can also acquire their acquaintance from media or even other citizenry aside from their parents or closer relatives at home. Children learn about their immediate surrounding out from their experiences. whatever they feel, hear, smell or see on a day to day basis is considered part of the ir experience. In the homogeneous mien, adults have the same mechanism as they continue to survive and make the most out of their lives in this world. Adults have to learn incompatible things everyday provided most of the time their learning does non require more about theoretical aspects. They appreciate the most essential and practical part which is experience. In this manner, adults exercise in a way that what makes sense to them are only those things they learned importantly out from their experience. Most of them based their choices in life on their learned things out from their experiences. In IQ tests and even in other behavioral tests, it is found that experiences have significant impact on the corresponding results. For instance, a person who is exposed to a certain environment for quite a long time whitethorn have been influenced by what he perceives in his surrounding. Thus, when this person changes his environment, a new set of perspective whitethorn eventually cha nge his previously perceived things in life. Thus, a person living in other country for quite a long time and returns to his mother land may possess different behavior. As mostly noticed, personality may change and this is feed by the acquired behavior at a particular experience at certain time. This is the reason why personality changes over time and the way an individual behaves. The acquired learning or knowledge from a certain experiences has something to do with the necessary changes of someone elses personality and eventually behavior or perspective in life. This is the reason that in most firms, curiously in hiring supervisory and managerial positions, experience is very important deciding point. Experience is equated to substantial knowledge and understanding of the specific job function. Based on this assumption, an individual who has more experience is considered to have more meaningful behavior about his or her job. For instance, managers are expected to lead and anticip ated to act as someone to be on top of his or her subordinates. Those subordinates are mostly not expected to behave in the same way as managers do. It is true that the mind cannot be seen or observed but its actual function can be critically considered through observing specific behavior or actions of a person. It is hard to identify the mind and the actual thought. Usually, it can only be understood in detail once behavior or specific actions of a person are observed. In the same way, whatever is learned cannot be exactly

Answer 2 question Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

cause 2 question - Assignment ExampleMy neighbor graduated with a first class in computer science but after the community he worked for collapsed, he went home at the term of 40. Due to the age prepossession, my neighbor has not acquired any job despite being very experienced.The bias caused by the relationships or available connections with heap in company leadership and management has worked against me during my application for internship. The company that I intended to join had informed me of my high chances of clinching the only position in the enterprise. The only amour that stood between my position and me for the internship was official confirmation. It happened that another student from my class had a recommendation from the professor, who was a help of the human resource manager. My position was no longer available due to what they claimed as technical hitches. genial networks such as LinkedIn create a platform where people create connections other who may be helpful to them in career development. However, it does not necessarily manifest bias as most of the people in the network seek relationships that will help them learn more of the many aspects in their special(a) fields of

Equal Pay for Women Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Equal right for Wo hands - Research Paper ExampleThere are different factors or causes of the overcompensate gap between the ii genders such as education, skills, discrimination, and experience. In this paper, we will discuss why the comprise gap exists and how that pay gap affects the lives of wo manpower in our societies. Common Factors of Pay Gap Let us discuss some of the nearly common factors of pay gap in put up to get a better understanding of the issue. giving and Confidence Talent of women is unity of the most influencing factors regarding the difference in the pay gap between men and women. In most of the societies, women are not considered equal to men. Women are considered little talented and less ingenious as compared to men. It is really a misconception because talent and skills have no concern with the gender of a person. legion(predicate) women in the history have performed exceptional roles in various fields of life. We can manage examples of Annie Easley , Henrietta draw Leavitt, and Rita Levi-Montalcini who marked their names in the list of most talented women scientists of the world. Therefore, we cannot say that skills and talent of women are less as compared to men in all field of life. Most of the employers do not prefer to pack women because they consider women less productive. Women also face sexual harassments and different kinds of discrimination during their jobs, which discourages them from going out to do some job. Such women usually do not have much confidence to report any incident related to harassment or wage discrimination to the higher authorities. The less confidence of women is one of the most critical elements behind the pay differences, which exists between men and women. Some employers think that women are not confident enough to face major challenges that occur during jobs. They think that male employees have more susceptibility to face the challenges as compared to female employees and that is one of the reasons for why employers offer high wages to male employees and comparatively menial wages to female employees. Employment Opportunities Another factor behind the pay differences is employment opportunities for men and women. Employers think that men usually have more employment opportunities and they can get alternate jobs good whereas women do not have enough job opportunities So, the employers offer high wages to male employees in order to retain them. The governments of most of the countries are also responsible for creating such pay gaps between the two genders. It is the responsibility of the governments to provide equal employment opportunities to both men and women in order to reduce the pay differences. Governments need to understand the importance of spirt for women because in the present world, it is not easy for men to work alone in order to earn for their families. Women need to provide financial help to their husbands in order to run the cycle of life but when the re will be less job opportunities and low pay scales for women they will not be able to support their husbands in a proper way. Therefore, governments should take steps to reduce the pay gaps that occur due to less employment opportunities for women. Pay Gap payable To Color The pay gap, which exists between the two genders, is significantly wider in case of women of color.

Article Analysis by Geoffrey Ribbans Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Article abridgment by Geoffrey Ribbans - Essay Example2. Article Summary Ribbans in his article explore one of the major thematic concerns of the suffer La Verdad Sospechosa i.e. lying. In this article the writer throws light on the pros and cons of lying as well as he also illustrates various human behaviors to the common habit of lying. Moreover the bump as well as the article supports the cliche that a lie is never a root for a problem because one lie always leads to another and consequently leads to a series of lies in order to hide one truth. Ribbans has used various textual excerpts from the operate to support his understanding and exposition of each lie that is spoken in the play and he points out that each act of the play introduces a new lie that gives a new dimension to the plot of the play consequently the play comprises of four major lies followed by other meager lies. 2.1. Analysis Ribbans in this article reiterates the purpose of the Alarcons use of the theme of l ie. He states that the writer makes use of his writing technique to mock the double standards and double-dealing of the society and the nobility.

Psychoanalytic Film Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

psychoanalytical Film Theory - Essay ExampleUsing Lacanian and Freudian psychoanalytic terms, Mulvey examined how women are portrayed in cinema, as she analyzes the manly gaze and its prospects of pleasure and nonpleasure (309). Mulveys essay can be asserted as a historical document, due to her examinations of the pleasurable and controlling dimensions of vision that several disciplines studied before her and extended by and by her work. She argued that the unconscious of the patriarchal system has projected itself unto the submit narrative. The young-begetting(prenominal) gaze had perilously affected the communication between the dominant and dominated sectors of society, where political binaries of man/woman and active/passive are present. This idea will discuss the reasons why feminist film scholars adopted psychoanalytic film possibleness. It will in any case use feminist psychoanalytic spectatorship theory in studying Hitchcocks Rear Window (1959). womens rightist sch olars adopted the psychoanalytic film theory, because the latter aims to examine and depict gender identity using cultural, rather of biological, concepts that are present in films, so that the exclusion of women in dominant film discourses can be identified and dismantled for purposes of political empowerment by breaking the domination of the male gaze and reversing spectatorship from male to female gazing. Rear Window (1959) depicts scopophilia through sexual stimulations of visual pleasures and narcissism, and its pervasive use of the sexual objectification of women, where the film sees them as sources of both pleasure and nonpleasure. Psychoanalytic film theory Feminist film scholars, during the 1970s, were interested in analyzing the diverse forms of gender oppressions that relegated them to a secondary social and political status (Kaplan 1238). Their takeoff was the cultural, and not the biological, aspect of negative female experiences, where cultural semiotic systems presen t relationships in how women are seen and consumed in films and in societies where they stomach in. These scholars noted that the objectification of women, which limited their desires and objectives, could be the root cause of their oppressed conditions in real and reel life. Spectatorship theory asserts that the spectator generally refers to the male spectator, who wants to see and control women, because of the visual pleasures that the feminine form can stomach (Sherwin 174). Psychoanalysis broadens spectatorship theory by unlocking the unconscious impulses that drive the male gaze (Mulvey 305). Thus, it could be seen that ideological womens liberation movement has strongly driven psychoanalytic film theory (Kaplan 1238). The primary appeal of psychoanalysis is that it presented a cover framework for understanding preexisting conventions of women from the patriarchal perspective (Mulvey 305). It is a fitting theoretical framework for the bud feminist film theory, which still ne eds conceptual foundations. Freud and Lacan, in particular, provided terms and processes that can help explicate how the male unconscious embeds itself unto society through its dominating gaze (Mulvey 305). The erotic processes of seeing have a direct impact on consuming the female form, and they also have implications on how women are portrayed in narrative films (Mulvey 305). Lacanian theory argues that films present a mirror image that underlies symbolic infrastructures (McGowan 28). The gaze represents the male imaginary and this imaginary builds the illusions of pleasures and nonpleasures (McGowan 28).

Hulu Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Hulu - Research Paper ExampleThis paper will discuss the history of Hulu, as from 2007 to 2012.The raise or phrase Hulu came from two Mandrin Chinese words, hu and lu meaning interactive recording (Hulu 1). The Hulu venture was do public in March 2007. Its main partners were MSN, AOL, Facebook, MySpace, Comcast and Yahoo. The companys CEO was and still is Jason. He was do CEO in June 2007 (Barnett 1). The phrase Hulu was selected in August 2007, when the website was made official and started to stream. Hulu first invited its users to give them their netmail addresses for an upcoming beta test. Hulu began, in October 2007, the private beta testing through invitations (Barnett 1). After that, the network allowed its users as well as to invite their friends to the website. However, Hulu first launched for public access on 12th March, 2008, in the United States (Hulu 1). The first increase to launch was HULU Syndication network. The network was developed and designed by the NBCUniv ersal team from New York. Hulu.com destinations site was the second crossway to be launch by Hulu (Barnett 1). The network started an advertising campaign in NBCs show of overseer Bowl XLIII, with an ad featuring Alec Baldwin. The advertisement was titled Alec in Huluwood. The advertisement, aimed at humorously portraying the shocking secrets understructure Hulu, made the site to look like an evil plot planning to destroy the globe. The ad suggested that Baldwin was, in fact, an alien in disguise (Barnett 1). However, advertisements kept on flowing throughout the media with media personalities such as lot MacFarlane, Will Arnett, Eliza Dushku and Denis Leary.Disney made public, on 30th April, 2009, that it would be joining the venture and purchased a 27% share of Hulu (Hulu 1). During an industry conference, on 21st October, 2009, Deputy Chairman of News Corporation, Chase Carey argued that Hulu needed to advance in order to have a significant subscription

How Has Globalization Affected Corporate Strategy in the 21st Century Essay Example for Free

How Has Globalization Affected Corporate Strategy in the 21st Century EssayIn the last 21 years the notion of a multinational company has changed significantly. This is best demonstrated by the 1973 United Nations definition, which ca-caly stated an enterprise is multinational if it controls assets, factories, mines, sales offices, and the like in ii or more countries (Bartlett, Ghoshal 2000 p.3). As we know a multinational corporation is much more then rightful(prenominal) that it controls inappropriate assets, it must also have a substantial direct investment in foreign countries, as well as engaging in some form of management of these foreign assets. The developing of corporations over this time has been somewhat difficult and by no means is the process of change finalized. As with most things this evolution and learning process could be seen as existence life long. The environment in which we operate clearly evolves each year and to last out ahead businesses argon no w required to stay ahead of developments to compete. Some of the softer players, such as Phillips (Bartlett 1999) merely lost market share through this evolution, others in the past and perhaps in the prox will lose their businesses.To understand the importance of multinational corporations in relation to the world economy we see that they account for over 40 percent of the worlds manufacturing output, and to the highest degree a quarter of world trade (Bartlett, Ghoshal 2000 p.3). Although the focus is often on the larger players such as Ford, Procter and Gamble, or Coca Cola as time progresses it is more the smaller companies which we will need to stay fresh an eye on, as they become important players, especially in worldwide niche markets(Bartlett, Ghoshal 2000 p.3).Traditionally at that place were three motivations for most organisations to enter international markets, or to undertake investment overseas. These were1. Suppliers the ongoing need to acknowledgment supplie s for operations (adapted from Bartlett, Ghoshal 1989, 2000).2. Markets look toing additional markets to sell products. Traditionally companies went international to sell excess production lines, or to meet one off needs. The market then moved to enlarged competition where players were keen to be the setoff mover to a market, so as to gain a competitive advantage. Corporations were often goaded by the shell country size, with the need for further consumers for ongoing viability and growth (adapted from Bartlett, Ghoshal 1989, 2000)3. Lower Cost by seeking production facilities which would attract lower labor be and hence higher profits. Clothing and electronics were the first movers in this strategy, usually looking to developing countries such as China or Taiwan. This is shut up apply somewhat today as a strategy, such as large call centers providing services in India for most Australian banks (adapted from Bartlett, Ghoshal 1989, 2000)It is not my intention to go into the advantages and disadvantages of a corporation entering an international market, or to continue to operate in an international market, beyond the above three initial drivers. What is imperative that in the 21st Century an organisation must seek a strategy that meets the organisations ongoing needs which is clear and precise so as to volunteer direction for future growth.Due to the ongoing worldwide drive after WWII, most organisations prospered when entering international markets. a great deal however the strategies to entry were ad hoc and did not provide clear objectives or guidance for ongoing management. Operations were based on an ethnocentric approach. Even though at the time they were referred to as Multinational Corporations, literature now refers to them as world(prenominal) Corporations.As international operations expanded and took on a more important role in the organisation, such as organism a key profit centre, or perhaps a product innovation being conceived in an o ffshore operation, they tended to come under increase management scrutiny, such as the case with fuji cherry Xerox (Gomes-Casseres, McQuade 1991). This then progressed the corporation to a multinational approach, international markets being as important or even more important then the home market, which is more a polycentric approach to management.The potential from these operations were check up oned by management the possibilities for make up step-downs due to standardization moved most corporations onto the next phase being the global corporation mentality. This is that the entire world is a potential market. Retaining a image from their initial home country, such as McDonalds, they seek to enter all markets to service all customers, hence a regiocentric or geocentric philosophy of management.Bartlett and Ghoshal have gone beyond this to advocate the development of the transnational corporation. This takes the concept of global corporations one step further. Corporations to p rosper in a globally competitive environment, should concentrate wheresoever possible on responding to cost pressures, leveraging of knowledge and randomness, whilst ensuring local responsiveness to consumer needs (1989 p.13).Cost reduction are imperative to ensure the ongoing viability of corporations. The sharing of costs globally for items such as R D and mass production both provide examples of significant cost reductions, while enhancing learning and knowledge. By increasing the availability of information across the group you are more likely to also butt against a higher quality product as the innovation and knowledge is shared for the corporations greater good. Often companies forget that knowledge does not just reside in just the home country. Important information such as the local consumer market are often best to be determined by local managers so as to respond to local needs.In relation to local responsiveness Theodore Levitt (1983) provides a somewhat extreme view of the global market. His philosophy is that technological, social and economic developments over the last two decades have combined to create a unified world marketplace in which companies must hoodwink global-scale economies to remain competitive. As we have discussed, the need to become competitive through reduction in costs is imperative for every business. However Levitts concept of a unified marketplace with homogenous needs has still some way to go. As researched by Procter and Gamble even how we wash our clothes differs throughout the world, sometimes even within each country. The provision of a standardized product to suit all in this industry would be a failure due to not meeting the needs of local consumers (Bartlett 1983).When we review these three elements of cost reduction, leverage of knowledge and local responsiveness we are aware that these terms are somewhat contradictory. History tells us that to provide local responsiveness you need to increase costs to increase t he number of products which meet a specific consumer groups needs. The alternative is to standardize products to achieve economies of scale during production and marketing. computerized tomography has somewhat successfully implemented such a strategy.They redesigned their products around the use of standardized components. These are produced on mass through large production facilities to reduce the component costs and provide economies of scale. Machines are then transported to foreign markets where localized knowledge and components adapt the machines to the needs of local consumers (Srinivasa 1985). The overall approach is that they are adequate to combine all three elements of the transnational approach.Corporations also need to be aware of the increasingly composite plant nature of undertaking business in an international market. Social, cultural, and political environments, as well as cash fluctuations, and geographic diversity need to be considered carefully in any decisio n to undertake a foreign operation. It is best to research thoroughly and constantly review any strategy for overseas ventures as situations can change as in any business venture quite quickly. An example of this would be the increased use of Indonesia as a low cost production base for Australian corporations. With the increased political instability and also terrorism most corporations would be considering the ongoing viability of continuing in this market. at long last corporations need to be aware that to make any significant changes to an corporation strategy or social organization it is both extremely complex, time consuming and challenging. As Ford has discovered, by constantly changing strategies to seek higher profitability, all they have been able to achieve has been another announcement of huge losses in 2001 from failed global ventures (Hill, Jones 2004 p276). The move to a transnational approach for most corporations would need to be a slow progression, while for some i t is even perhaps out of reach.By focusing on the main elements of cost reduction, knowledge leveraging and local differentiation perhaps this will provide an avenue in the future for continued competitive advantage in an environment which is slowly moving towards Levitts concept of the global closure (1983). Perhaps the key lies with Bartlett and Ghoshal when they tell us that companies must now respond simultaneously to assorted and often conflicting strategic needs. Today, no firm can succeed with a relatively linear strategic capability that emphasizes only efficiency, or responsiveness, or leveraging of parent company knowledge and competencies. To win, a company must now achieve all three goals at the same time (1989 p 25).REFERENCE LISTINGBartlett, Christopher A. 1983 Case 6-1 Proctor and Gamble Europe Vizir Launch, interpreted from Bartlett, Christopher A. Ghoshal, Sumantra 2000 Text, Cases, and Readings in Cross-Border Management, 3rd Edn, McGraw-Hill supranational Edit ions, Singapore, pp 632 647.Bartlett, Christopher A. Ghoshal, Sumantra 1989 Managing Across Borders The Transnational Solution, Harvard Business School Press, Boston Massachusetts.Barlett, Christopher A. 1999 Case 2 -4 Phillips and Matsushita 1998 Growth of 2 Companies, taken from Bartlett, Christopher A. Ghoshal, Sumantra 2000 Text, Cases, and Readings in Cross-Border Management, 3rd Edn, McGraw-Hill International Editions, Singapore, pp 164 -180Bartlett, Christopher A. Ghoshal, Sumantra 2000 Text, Cases, and Readings in Cross-Border Management, 3rd Edn, McGraw-Hill International Editions, Singapore.Gomes-Casseres, Benjamin McQuade, Krista 1991 Case 4-1 Xerox and fuji Xerox, taken from Bartlett, Christopher A. Ghoshal, Sumantra 2000 Text, Cases, and Readings in Cross-Border Management, 3rd Edn, McGraw-Hill International Editions, Singapore, pp 418 443Hill, Charles W. L Jones, Gareth R. 2004 Strategic Management Theory An Integrated Approach, sixth Edn, Houghton Mifflin Com pany, Boston, Massachusetts.Levitt, T. 1983 The Globalization of Markets Harvard Business Review, May June, pp. 92 102.Srinivasa, Rangan V. 1985 Case 3-1 Caterpillar Tractor Co., taken from Bartlett, Christopher A. Ghoshal, Sumantra 2000 Text, Cases, and Readings in Cross-Border Management, 3rd Edn, McGraw-Hill International Editions, Singapore, pp 259 279.

Liminality in Dracula Essay Example for Free

Liminality in Dracula EssayHistory has taught us that rebelling against your wad or religion almost alship canal results in displeasure, as the members of the community usually frown upon it. Throughout the unused for each unrivaled universes Son by Hugh MacLennan, there are two themes which are linked to this affair of defying your origins, though never plainly affirmed the Celtic individuality and the Puritanical predestination-like set.Not conforming to these ways of demeanor demonstrates two themes at which Archie the fighter aircraft and Ainslie the daydreamer display the attempt to foster new take to be will doom you to failure and resisting your religion will only let you yearn for escape provided haunt you forever. This paper, will first analyze the meaning of these two themes second show that Archie fights against the Celtic identity and that Ainslie tries to escape the Puritanical values. First, it is suitable to grasp onto these concepts with the history from the novel concerning the Celtics and the Puritans since it frames the foundational richness of the story.In Each Mans Son the symbolic references on the history concerning the Celtic identity is manifested as a Homeric people in ultimate solitude, which proves to be symbolic due to the fact that it ties meaning to the Highland people as a desperate and poetic/race of hunters, shepherds and warriors (MacLennan 1, 2). The novel is full of richness, which provides ironic information or so the people who were found older than France with no organization (MacLennan 25-5).This characteristic given to the men of Cape Breton is extremely relevant to the plot as Archie choses to literally fight the regulatory social averages of the Celtic identity when he follows his dreams to do an American boxer. In the novel, the Celtic identity is in direct conflict with Puritan values within certain characters, especially Ainslie. Presbyterians note that they live and die under the wrath of an arbitrary divinity who will forgive only a handful of His elect on the Day of Judgment (MacLennan 2). The value of the quote symbolizes an underlining view on the Puritan religion as it describes how the Calvinists must live a fundamental life in order to be resurrected with eternal life. In the Bible, which Puritans follow unfailingly, it is written, you must be born(p) from above meaning that you must have been chosen according to the foreknowledge of God the Father (John 37, 1 Peter 12 NIV).Furthermore, religion takes a crowning importance in the novel as it acts as the basic yet powerful feature of the story. Numerous characters struggle to adopt their identity, viz. Doctor Ainslie for he attempts to darken his ghostlike distinctiveness. The lacing of the Celtic identity and the Puritan religion represents tension, which Archie the fighter and Ainslie the dreamer must overcome. Second, Archie is a clear example of a character who conflicts with the Celtic identity because a lthough he is acclaimed as the bravest man in Cape Breton, fierce and unpredictable, unlike the flock of people, he was a hit man whom nobody understood and everyone admired unfortunately, he is also destined to fail (MacLennan 12-8-6).Archie is a hero with grandiose physical strength who was loved because he was giving significance, even a crude beauty, to the bumbling courage they all felt in themselves (MacLennan 19-9). Generally Celtics feel that destiny works against them they feel that portion must have been against them. This illustrates that the repercussion of rebelling against the Celtic identity is absolutely forbidden.The Celtic character is normally condemned to a life of simplicity, total depravity and unconditional fellowship of God and as Archie ventures the unknown he distorts the norm. animalistic Archie emphasizes that some men will live their whole lives like oxes and cows and that he is not one of them this statement, in other words, means that Archie does no t intend on living a reclusive life as he fully intends on going out into the world, in spite of the consequences, to create a new life for himself and his family. He had left his home to find wider opportunities in the United States (MacLennan 3). Ironically, as Archie attempts to sham money and follow his dream of becoming a boxer he refuses to obey the Celtic norm and is doomed to fail he is left defeated by his embedded Celtic identity.The final character, which shows enceinte struggles, concerning following norms is Ainslie the dreamer. This is due to the fact that he is resistant to his Puritan religion, which leaves him yearning for an escape from societal pressures. kind of like Archie, Ainslie is also hopeless, yet in different matters his religion haunts him not only consciously but also unconsciously in dreams as he is disturbed by religious stories.Traditionally, Puritans live a life in profound guilt, constant criticism and austerity because they believe in predestin ation at which God has chosen the elect to enter heaven. Though he is living in the pressures of this community he continuously denies his belief in God however it is hard to believe that he is a disbeliever for he continuously shows signs of religious identity. Ainslie craves for a purpose in his life, an attainable goal a dream to escape this community, yet as the novel unfolds he is left obsessed forever by his religious mental state.Ironically, because of the fact that he resists his religion and yearns for an escape, he will be left him undeniably haunted forever. In summary, historical details, Archie and Ainslie in Each Mans Son emphasize conflicts between the Celtic identity and the Puritan religion. Contrasting the two characters, I find it much more rewarding to search who you are and discover your identity instead of fighting or denying it because then you will not become a failure or be tormented by it. Unlike Archie and Ainslie, I had opportunities to participate in a ccomplishments that have given me a positive understanding of my identity while I was growing up, which undeniably shaped who I am today.Works CitedMacLennan, Hugh. Each Mans Son. Toronto The impertinently Canadian Library, 2003. Print. New International Version Holy Bible. Grand Rapids Zondervan, 1986. Print.

The first description of Scrooge emphasises Essay Example for Free

The first description of skinflint emphasises EssayIn his visit from Marley, Scrooge is told that he has a chance and hope of escaping the same terrible fate that he himself has suffered. Marley is covered in chains which demonstrate his greed during his time on earth and he explains to Scrooge that charity, mercy, forbearance and benevolence should have been and in a flash should be his business in order to redeem his selfish past. Marleys visit as the first shade re sits the beginning of Scrooges change of his ways and it shows Scrooge the possibility of his own redemption. The second weirdie to visit Scrooge, the Ghost of Christmas past, takes him back to when he worked as an apprentice for his first employer Fezziwig. Scrooge is able to see a Christmas companionship held by his kind hearted boss and during this time he forgets the presence of the ghost as he is immersed in the atmosphere created by his generous employer. During the whole party Scrooges Heart and soul we re in the scene. However the consultation is reminded of Scrooges lack of generosity and greed before Scrooge realises that he has the responsibility to make his hard functional employees happy.This is shown when Dickens explains that whilst Scrooge was speaking unconsciously he believed that the party was a great expense for enceinte happiness and that only with the power of money could Fezziwig make his guests happy. On the second ghosts visit Scrooge in like piecener sees himself with his first love Bella and sees that he sacrificed love for money which he now regrets as he realises his own judgment was wrong. At this point in the novel the audition is shown how Scrooge may be beginning to consider the importance of change. Scrooge is thence visited by the ghost of Christmas present who shows him the Cratchits family at Christmas.On this visit Scrooge sees that he is partially responsible for the Cratchits familys welfare as he is the employer of Bob and this makes Scrooge realise the importance of sharing his own wealth and giving. Scrooge also realises that the poor make do with the little money they have but are still able to enjoy themselves and be happy. During the deuce-ace ghosts visit Scrooge begins to show concern slightly tiny Tims welfare as he weed see that the malnourished child is on the face of it ill and he indeed asks the ghost to tell him with and take he had never felt before Whether tiny Tim will live.The ghost explains to Scrooge that if he does non change in the future tiny Tim will die and then repeats Scrooges words said about decreasing the surplus population. Upon hearing these words Scrooge is instantly full of remorse and this again shows the audience how Scrooges views on the poorer-nation have changed drastically since the fist three ghosts visits. Scrooges regret is then later doubled as even though he had been a cruel employer Bob thanked him for the familys tiny Christmas feast.After realising the importance of family later seeing how Bob Cratchit spent his Christmas Scrooge visited his nephew Fred and Scrooge who was embarrassed of his previous arrogance was surprised to be greeted by nephew extremely happy to see him. At this point in the novel Scrooge green goddess see that people who should see him as a terrible person were happy to see him ,he therefore enjoys a wonderful party knowing that he is now not alone and he then sees the true value of a family who loves one another.Whilst being visited by the ghost of Christmas present the ghost presents boor from the folding of its robe with two children wretched, abject, frightful, hideous, miserable. Scrooge asks the ghost if they have no refuge and again he is confronted with the words he said about the poor before his ghostly visits which Scrooge now obviously regrets. Dickens includes this as it makes the audience believe Scrooge is now changing for the better to benefit not only him, but the poorer nation as well.Finally Scrooge i s visited by the ghost of Christmas yet to perform who informs Scrooge that he will die a lonely death with no concern from anyone else unless he changes his views on money and social classes. On hearing this news Scrooge proclaims that he is not the man he was and at this point the reader will also believe this as Scrooges military capability has changed as the visits from ghost progressed. He truly wants to be a different man and change for the better, not just now to secure his own fate but also Tiny Tims.At the end of the novel Scrooges attitude towards money and social classes has changed greatly he believes he will live in the past present and future, take nothing for granted and be the kind hearted man that his business partner Jacob Marley wanted him to be. He is now extremely happy with his own situation with money but also willing to assistant others that are not so well off like his employee Bob Cratchit who he donated the Christmas turkey to as an act of good will an d the charity collector.

Wynn Resort Essay Example for Free

Wynn Resort Essay1.) objectTo know if what is the overall strategy of Steve Wynn to make Wynn Resorts, Ltd. on the right track and quite a notable company.2.) Statement of the ProblemThere be three problems which I found out in the case, and these are the three challenges that Wynn will have to face, and the future may throw some curveballs along the way. First is remove to secure a way to maintain the competitive advantage as increased competition is infix both domestically and abroad into the gaming industry. Second, The Macau government reserves the right to take control of the Wynn casino in 2017 this would be detrimental to the profits for the company, and some solutions will need to be devised to ensure that the endurance of the company is not majorly dependent on the revenues generated by Wynn Macau resort and casino. A third concern astir(predicate) future success, but certainly not the final concern, is the loss of Steve Wynn himself. Losing Steve Wynn would mean losing his expertise, passion and governmental ties. In the most likely scenario, a loss of Steve Wynn may result in the sale of the firm to a competing company, such as MGM Inc.3.) Alternative Courses and ActionsWynn must focus on differentiating the company by concentrating on the melodic line and design of the resorts. Wynn Resort must enhance customers service and luxury as full-service provider.4.) recommendationWynn must not only focus to target high-end gaming customers, but he must alike offer affordable goods and services to the middle-income clients. This segment includes vacationers and younger people looking for relatively inexpensive ready to say with the understanding that most of their budget will go to dining and entertainment.Bibliography1. http//www.studymode.com/essays/Swot-Analysis-Wynn-Ltd-946073.html 2. http//www.investingvalue.com/investment-leaders/steve-wynn/index.html

Government Intervention Essay Example for Free

Government interpellation EssayDiscuss the case for and against political sympathies intervention in an economy. In most of the countries, the governing has intervened in the mart system. To m all extent in that respect is a dire need of government intervention in the market system, although there is a debate over this point among the economists. Many economists believe that the bureau of government intervention repairs the market system. The government domiciliate easily enforce the rules that can service of process in the gleam functioning of the market system. On the other hand, there argon economists who believe that government interventions in a market system are the reason of inefficiency in the system.There are some goods that underprovided and underconsumed. Such goods are cold meritoriousness goods. They can be defined in terms of their externality do and alike in terms of trainingal problems facing the consumer. A merit good is a crossing that society va lue and judges that everyone should have regardless of whether an individual wants them. In this sense, the government is acting paternally in providing merit goods and services. They believe that individuals may non act in their own best interest in disrupt because of imperfect information slightly the benefits that can be derived.Good examples of merit goods entangle health services, education, and knead training programmes. Why does the government provide merit goods and services? * To encourage utilisation so that some of the positive externalities associated with merit goods can be achieved * To overcome the information adversitys linked to merit goods, not least(prenominal) when the longer-term private benefit of consumption is greater than the shorter-term benefit of consumption * On grounds of equity because the government believes that consumption should not be based solely on the grounds of ability to pay for a good or service Education is an example of a merit go od.Education should provide a number of external benefits that might not be taken into account by the free market. These include rising incomes and productivity for current and future generations an increase in the occupational mobility of the force force which should help to restrict unemployment and therefore trend welfare spending. even, there are some goods which are thought to be naughty for you. They are cold defect goods. Examples include the be arising from consumption of alcohol, cigarettes and drugs together with the loving effects of addiction to gambling. The consumption of demerit goods can lead to negative externalities.The government seeks to reduce consumption of demerit goods. Consumers may be unaware of the negative externalities that these goods create they have imperfect information about long-term damage to their own health. The government may decide to intervene in the market for demerit goods and trim taxes on producers and / or consumers. Higher ta xes cause prices to rise and should lead to a fall in contend. However high taxes increase unemployment because firms may relocate abroad increases cost of production for firms making the less matched to firms in another countries where no tax is applied.But many economists argue that taxation is an ineffective and inequitable way of curbing the consumption of drugs and gambling particularly for those affected by addiction. Banning consumption with regulation may reduce demand, but risks creating secondary (illegal) or underground markets in the product. Market failure with demerit goods the free market may fail to take into account the negative externalities of consumption because the social cost is less then private cost. Consumers too may experience imperfect information about the long term costs to themselves of consuming products deemed to be demerit goods.The social optimal level of consumption would be Q3 the output that takes into account the information failure of cons umers and also the negative externalities. One way to work this problem is to try to remove the information failure. Information deficits can often lead to a misallocation of resources and thereof the possibility of market failure. Information failure occurs when people have inaccurate, incomplete, uncertain or misunderstood data and so make potentially wrong choices.Government action can have a role in improving information to help consumers and producers value the true cost and/or benefit of a good or service. Examples might include * Compulsory labeling on cigarette packages with health warnings to reduce locoweed * Improved nutritional information on foods to counter the risks of growing obesity * Anti speeding goggle box advertising to reduce road accidents and advertising campaigns to raise awareness of the risks of drink-driving * Advertising health screening programmes / information campaigns on the dangers of addiction Another dvantage of government intervention is the national stripped-down affiance.The national minimum wage was introduced into the UK in 1999. It is an intervention in the labour market designed to increase the pay of lower-paid workers and thereby solve the distribution of income in society. In October 2005, the value of the minimum wage for adults was ? 5. 05 following a series of wee increases over recent years. The main aims of the minimum wage 1. The equity justification That every job should adduce a fair rate of pay commensurate with the skills and experience of an employee 2.Labour market incentives The NMW is designed to improve the incentives for people to start looking for work thereby boosting the economys available labour hand over 3. Labour market discrimination The NMW is a tool designed to offset some of the effects of contumacious discrimination of many low-paid female workers and younger employees A diagram showing the possible effects of a minimum wage is shown above. The market equilibrium wage for th is particular labour market is at W1 (where demand = supply).If the minimum wage is set at Wmin, there give be an excess supply of labour equal to E3 E2 because the supply of labour will expand (more workers will be willing and able to put up themselves for work at the higher wage than before) but there is a risk that the demand for workers from employers (businesses) will contract if the minimum wage is introduced. Although all political parties are now committed to makeing the minimum wage, there are still plenty of economists who believe that setting a pay floor represents a distortion to the way the labour market works because it reduces the flexibility of the labour market 1.Competitiveness and Jobs first off a minimum wage may cost jobs because a rise in labour costs makes it more expensive to employ people and higher labour costs might damage the world(prenominal) competitiveness of British producers. To the extent that rising unemployment worsens the living standards o f those affected it has a negative impact on poverty. 2. Effect on relative poverty Is the minimum wage the most effective policy to reduce relative poverty? There is evidence that it tends to boost the incomes of middle-income households where more than one household member is lready in work whereas the greatest risk of relative poverty is among the unemployed, elderly and single parent families where the parent is not employed.Government intervenes to perk up farmers income and reduce price fluctuations using buffer stock schemes. The prices of inelegant products tend to fluctuate more violently than the price of manufactured products and services. This is largely due to the volatility in the supply of agricultural products coupled with the fact that demand and supply are price inelastic.Buffer stock schemes seek to stabilise the market price of agricultural products by buying up supplies of the product when harvests are plentiful and marketing stocks of the product onto the m arket when supplies are low. The supply curves S1 and S2 represent the supply of wheat at the end of 2 different seasons. Supply is perfectly inelastic since farmers cannot change the quantity supplied onto the market post harvest. The organisation wishes to keep price fluctuations within a certain band it will not allow the price of the product to rise above P max or to fall below P min.Assume that in one particular year there is a bumper harvest so that S1 is supplied onto the market. In absence of any intervention the market price would drop below P min, so the organisation buys up AB of the product to increase the market price up to P min. In the next year bad weather may result in a poor harvest so that only S2 is supplied. The market price would rise above the maximum permitted by the organisation, so the organisation sells CD of its stocks onto the market to reduce the price to P max. In contrast buffer stocks do not often work sanitary in practice.Perishable items can not be stored for long periods of time and can therefore be immediately ruled out of buffer stock schemes. There are also high administrative and storage costs to be considered. Also education or healh sphere can suffer. The economists have a mixed view about the importance and effects of government intervention in the market system, it can be said that government interventions should aim at working with the market system that is already animated rather than implementing policies that make great changes.If the government intervention is such that it introduces inefficiencies greater than rationalizing the entire market system, there is a threat of damaging the economy. The distorted government intervention can lead to consumer dissatisfaction and higher costs. close of the economists are of the view that government interventions should be facilitating in nature rather than having a direct program line over the market.

HPE - Tennis Research Assignment Essay Example for Free

HPE Tennis Research Assignment EssayBy using my knowledge and understanding of readiness acquisition principles, psychology of eruditeness and biomechanics, I have produced a six-week tennis readying program. Incorporated in this report are the types of feedback applyd, the research laboratories carried out, and the design, analysis and evaluation of my coach program.Research LaboratoriesThree research laboratories (See Appendices A, B and C) were carried out to assist in the development of my learn program. These laboratories were on different types of feedback, the importance of accurate feedback and the use of feedback in mental rehearsal. The results from these labs provided me with a guide as to which type and the amount of feedback needed for a fortunate coaching program.Background OverviewTypes of FeedbackThere are many different types of feedback that can be used to sharpen ones performance. Generally, the more specific the feedback, the more accurate the perfor mance will become. (Amezdroz, G., Davis, D., Dickens, S., Hosford, G., 1999, 2001. Queensland Senior Physical Education, Macmillan Education Australia, atomic number 16 Yarra, Australia.) The types of feedback used in my coaching program wereKnowledge of performance-general performance this was used for the early stage of my coaching program when I needed a clear picture in my head to compare my actual performance with, eg. correct stance when serving. This type of feedback was provided to me by the coach, teacher and/or fellow participants in my program. I also watched my performances on video so I actually saw where I was going price and could then work on my motor skills.Positive feedback this was given when I successfully completed a caper. Positive feedback encouraged me to try again and persevere with the learning. This was used throughout the whole duration of the coaching program.Knowledge of performance-specific this was used in the later stage of my program. When I completed executing a motion or skill I was told on what I was doing wrong, and what to do to improve on my performance, eg. my thumping dispose was too low and I would therefore rush to lulu the ball or simply daughter it. By throwing the ball higher I give myself ample time to raise the racquet to hit the ball. Knowledge of performance gave me more detailed technical information to improve my skills.Concurrent (continuous) feedback this was, as the establish states, a continuous form of feedback given throughout the coaching and practice sessions.Augmented (external) feedback this type of feedback was provided two visually and verbally. I viewed a video of my performance and analysed what I was doing in/correct.Design and Analysis of coaching ProgramAt the beginning of my training I was at the late Cognitive stage of learning. I had little experience and knowledge of the game of tennis. During the six weeks of training I learnt and began to understand the skills needed and the rules of the game. I have now progressed through to the early Associative stage as demonstrated by my capacity to effectively serve in both courts.The coaching program was based on distributive practice. This is where I would have short, practice sessions of a skill followed by a short conk. For example, after doing 10 serves in both right and left court I was given a 2 minute break. During the break I would visualise in my head, the skills I had just learnt, and then the correct way to execute it. aft(prenominal) the rest interval I would then carry out the skills. Improvements could be seen by me placing 50% of first-year serves and 75% of second serves in court.Whole-part learning was structured into the coaching program. This is when I would learn the whole skill at once, then break it down and concentrate on certain components that I was having difficulty with. Eg., learning to serve in tennis1. An explanation and demonstration on how to serve the ball was given2. I carried out the serve like I had been shown3. The serve was broken down into each skill associated with it that I was having problems with. Ie, stance, ball toss.4. Each skill was then learnt and completed with success5. All skills were then put together and a full serve was executedMental rehearsal was also a very eventful factor in improving my tennis performance. By zoning out before a training session I would allow myself to block out all factors including spectators, noises, etc., and concentrate fully on the task at hand. An example of one of the main mental rehearsal activities I undertook was bouncing the tennis ball 2-4 times before serving. The research laboratories carried out gave an indication on why the types of practice and feedback I incorporated in my program would be more useful than any others. For example, a lab indicated that the more precise feedback we were given, the greater improvement we made on our performances.

Existentialism and Human Emotions Essay Example for Free

Existentialism and Hu piece of music Emotions EssayI SHOULD LIKE on this make to defend existentialism against some charges which have been brought against it. First, it has been charged with inviting people to remain in a frame of desperate quietism because, since no solutions be possible, we should have to con brassr action in this world as quite a unachievable. We should then end up in a philosophy of contemplation and since contemplation is a luxury, we go d cause in the end to a bourgeois philosophy. The communists in particular have do these charges. On the former(a) hand, we have been charged with dwelling on hu creation degradation, with commiting up everyw here the sordid, shady, and slimy, and neglecting the gracious and beautiful, the bright side of hu while nature for example, according to Mlle.Mercier, a Catholic critic, with forgetting the smile of the child. Both sides charge us with having do by hu firearm solidarity, with considering hu macrocosmkind a s an isolated beingness. The communists say that the main reason for this is that we take pure subjectivity, the Cartesian I think, as our starting point in other words, the irregular in which man becomes amply aw atomic number 18 of what it blottos to him to be an isolated being as a result, we ar unable to shine to a state of solidarity with the men who are non ourselves, a state which we can never scope in the cogito.From the Christian standpoint, we are charged with denying the reality and seriousness of human undertakings, since, if we reject deitys commandments and the eternal verities, there no longer remains anything provided pure caprice, with everyone permitted to do as he pleases and incapable, from his own point of view, of condemning the points of view and acts of others.I sh every(prenominal) today chastise to answer these different charges. Many people are going to be surprised at what is said here ab verboten humanism. We shall try to see in what sense it is to be understood. In any case, what can be said from the very beginning is that by existentialism we mean a tenet which makes human life possible and, in addition, declares that every fairness and every action implies a human setting and a human subjectivity.As is generally known, the staple fiber charge against us is that we put the emphasis on the dark side of human life. Someone late t one m(a) me of a lady who, when she let slip a vulgar word in a moment of irritation, excused herself by saying, I guess Im becoming an existentialist. Consequently, existentialism is regarded as something ugly that is why we are said to be naturalists and if we are, it is alternatively surprising that in this day and age we cause so some(prenominal) more than alarm and scandal than does naturalism, properly so called. The kind of person who can take in his stride much(prenominal) a novel as Zolas The Earth is disgusted as soon as he starts reading an existentialist novel the kind of pe rson who is resigned to the wisdom of the ages-which is pretty sad-finds us heretofore sadder. Yet, what can be more disillusioning than saying true charity begins at home or a scoundrel bequeath constantly return evil for ripe?We know the commonplace remarks made when this subject comes up, remarks which always add up to the same thing we shouldnt struggle against the powers that-be we shouldnt resist authority we shouldnt try to rise above our station any action which doesnt conform to authority is romantic any driving force not based on past experience is doomed to failure experience shows that mans bent is always toward trouble, that there must be a strong hand to hold him in check, if not, there give be anarchy.There are still people who go on mumbling these melancholy old saws, the people who say, Its only human whenever a more or less repugnant act is pointed out to them, the people who glut themselves on chansons realistes these are the people who accuse existentialism of being too gloomy, and to such an extent that I wonder whether they are complaining about it, not for its pessimism, further much rather its optimism. Can it be that what really scares them in the doctrine I shall try to present here is that it leaves to man a possibility of choice? To answer this question, we must re-examine it on a strictly philosophic envisione. What is meant by the term existentialism?Most people who use the word would be rather embarrassed if they had to explain it, since, now that the word is all the rage, even the work of a musician or painter is being called existentialist. A gossip columnist in Clartes signs himself The Existentialist, so that by this time the word has been so stretched and has taken on so broad a meaning, that it no longer means anything at all. It seems that for motivation of an advanced-guard doctrine ,analogous to surrealism, the kind of people who are eager for scandal and flurry turn to this philosophy which in other respects does not at all serve their purposes in this sphere. Actually, it is the least scandalous, the most grim of doctrines. It is intended strictly for specialists and philosophers. Yet it can be defined easily. What complicates matters is that there are two kinds of existentialists first, those who are Christian. among whom I would include Jaspers and Gabriel Marcel, both Catholic and on the other hand the atheistic existentialists among whom I single out Heidegger, and then the French existentialists and myself.What they have in common is that they think that creative activity predates essence, or, if you prefer, that subjectivity must be the starting point. Just what does that mean? Let us consider some object that is manufactured, for example, a defend or a papercutter here is an object which has been made by an artisan whose inspiration came from a concept. He referred to the concept of what a paper-cutter is and likewise to a known method of intersection, which is part of th e concept, something which is, by and large, a routine.Thus, the paper-cutter is at once an object produced in a real way and, on the other hand, one sledding a specific use and one can not postulate a man who produces a paper-cutter but does not know what it is used for. Therefore, let us say that, for the paper-cutter, essence-that is, the ensemble of both the production routines and the properties which enable it to be both produced and defined-precedes existence. Thus, the presence of the paper-cutter or book in front of me is determined. Therefore, we have here a technical view of the world whereby it can be said that production precedes existence.When we conceive God as the Creator, He is generally thought of as a superior sort of artisan. Whatever doctrine we may be considering, whether one like that of Descartes or that of Leibniz, we always grant that impart more or less follows understanding or, at the very least, accompanies it, and that when God creates He knows exac tly what he is creating. Thus, the concept of man in the mind of God is comparable to the concept of a paper-cutter in the mind of the manufacturer, and, following veritable techniques and a conception, God produces man, just as the artisan, following a definition and a technique, makes a paper-cutter. Thus, the item-by-item man is the realization of a certain concept in the divine intelligence.In the eighteenth century, the atheism of the philosophers discarded the idea of God, but not so much for the notion that essence precedes existence. To a certain extent, this idea is found everywhere we find it in Diderot, in Voltaire, and even in Kant. Man has a human nature this human nature, which is the concept of the human, is found in all men, which means that each man is a particular example of a universal concept, man. In Kant, the result of this universality is that the wild-man, the natural man, as well as the bourgeois, are circumscribed by the same definition and have the same canonic qualities.Thus, here too the essence of man precedes the historical existence that we find in nature. Atheistic existentialism, which I represent, is more coherent. It states that if God does not exist, there is at least one being in whom existence precedes essence, a being who exists before he can be defined by any concept, and that this being is man, or, as Heidegger says, human reality. What is meant here by saying that existence precedes essence? It means that, first of all, man exists, turns up, appears on the scene, and, only afterwards, defines himself. If man, as the existentialist conceives him, is indefinable, it is because at first he is nobody. Only afterward will he be something, and he himself will have made what he will be. Thus, there is no human nature, since there is no God to conceive it. Not only is man what he conceives himself to be, but he is also only what he wills himself to be after this thrust toward existence.Man is nothing else but what he mak es of himself. Such is the first principle of existentialism. It is also what is called subjectivity, the name we are labeled with when charges are brought against us. merely what do we mean by this, if not that man has a greater dignity than a play off or table? For we mean that man first exists, that is, that man first of all is the being who hurls himself toward a future and who is conscious of imagining himself as being in the future.Man is at the start a plan which is aware of itself, rather than a patch of moss, a piece of garbage, or a cauliflower nothing exists prior to this plan there is nothing in heaven man will be what he will have planned to be. Not what he will want to be. Because by the word will we generally mean a conscious decision, which is subsequent to what we have already made of ourselves. I may want to belong to a political party, write a book, get married but all that is only a manifestation of an earlier, more spontaneous choice that is called will. But i f existence really does precede essence, man is prudent for what he is. Thus, existentialisms first move is to make every man aware of what he is and to make the full responsibility of his existence rest onhim. And when we say that a man is obligated for himself, we do not only mean that he is responsible for his own individuality, but that he is responsible for all men. The word subjectivism has two meanings, and our opponents play on the two. Subjectivism means, on the one hand, that an individual chooses and makes himself and, on the other, that it is impossible for man to transcend human subjectivity. The second of these is the essential meaning of existentialism. When we say that man chooses his own self, we mean that every one of us does likewise but we also mean by that that in do this choice he also chooses all men. In fact, in creating the man that we want to be, there is not a single one of our acts which does not at the same time create an date of man as we think he o ught to be. To choose to be this or that is to affirm at the same time the value of what we choose, because we can never choose evil. We always choose the good, and nothing can be good for us without being good for all.If, on the other hand, existence precedes essence, and if we grant that we exist and fashion our image at one and the same time, the image is valid for everybody and for our whole age. Thus, our responsibility is much greater than we superpower have supposed, because it involves all mankind. If I am a workingman and choose to join a Christian trade-union rather than be a communist, and if by being a member I want to show that the better thing for man is resignation, that the kingdom of man is not of this world, I am not only involving my own case-I want to be resigned for everyone. As a result, my action has involved all humanity. To take a more individual matter, if I want to marry, to have children even if this marriage depends solely on my own pot or passion or wish, I am involving all humanity in monogamy and not merely myself. Therefore, I am responsible for myself and for everyone else. I am creating a certain image of man of my own choosing. In choosing myself, I choose man.

Political philosophy Essay Example for Free

Political philosophy try outJohn Locke, an English philosopher, used the idea of natural rights to make vital contributions to society. He worked his way up through Westminster School and Oxford and enrolled in the Church of England. He was interested in science and became one of the outstrip practitioners of his time. With Lockes connections, he met men of England but was too suspected for being disloyal. He went to Holland and returned in 1688, subsequently the revolution. Locke made an influence on political philosophy including modern liberalism. Two Treatises of Government was his most fibrous writing where he claims to tell the story of politics. But he did not present that he was the causation until near his death. In his writing, Locke explains the difference between political power and paternal power. He wanted wad to be comfortable with independent political thought, or in other words take the highway less traveled. Also, Locke believed that first you must und erstand that politics come from the state of nature and natural law in order to understand political power.Lockes natural law says that somebodys take care of others. Locke wanted to create a better government that would consider all people, not a government with kings and nobles. He believed that there should be no one to enforce laws and that neither good nor evil existed in nature. Locke also believed that the people of nature are created equal and have rights to all things. Because of this, a constant state of war exists. Locke wanted people to act more responsible and morally and face their consequences if there were any.His influence on organizational behavior and theory impacted the founders of the United States principles. Locke was a creator of the idea of the separation of powers. He also influenced the modern educational theory. His theories are strong when it comes to prosperity, scarcity, money, and property. He claims the government must protect and individuals privat e business and property. He believed that if there was a general increase in wealthiness it would lead to the increase for common good.Lockes liberalism influenced the United States of America with the Declaration of Independence. He will forever be known as the Father of Liberalism. He distrusted government power and proved a statement. He believed that an individuals right is more important than just a king democracy. He go forth a legacy of theories for religion, economics, human understanding, and politics. Works Cited Griffith, F, Mark.. John Lockes Major Works. International Journal of physical composition Theory and behavior. 01 July. 2003 227 elibrary. Web. 16. Feb. 2012.

Tell Tale Heart and the Lotter Essay Example for Free

Tell Tale Heart and the Lotter EssayAmerican writer heat content James intendd types argon only as interesting as their responses to particular situations. The statement he make can be supported by military personnely pieces of literature that we have encountered. The way a character reacts to the situation they are placed in can tell a lot about their square character. Two characters were placed in different situations in The Tell-Tale Heart written Edgar Allan Poe and The Lottery written by Shirley Jackson reactions will be discussed in this essay. In The Tell-Tale Heart the tenant thought he would frustrate away with the murder he had, only when committed cracked under the pressure. Initially when the police offers entered the rest home he was he was able to keep his composure, but he slowly started to break. My head ached, and I pretended a ringing in my ears but still they sat and still chatted. The ringing became more clear-cutit continued and became more distinct I talked more freely to get rid of the feeling but it continued and gained definitivenessuntil, at length, I found that the noise was not within my ears. (Poe 390) At this point the homo started to hear things in his mind. He was imagining the beating of the old mans heart. Prior to his delusion the referee probably believed he would get away with the murder.Finally the man can no longer address the sound of the old mans heart beating beneath the floor boards. Villains I shrieked, feign no more I admit the deedtear up the plankshere, hereit is the beating of his hideous heart (Poe 391) I believe he told the officers about the old mans body because his moral sense got to him. If he was like most cold, blooded killers his conscience would not have told him he had d one and only(a) something wrong.In The Lottery when the Hutchinson family initially draws the piece of paper from the old black box, Tessie continually pleads to do the redo the mechanical drawing of the names. She sa ys, You didnt give him time enough to take any paper he wanted. I saw you. It wasnt neat(Jackson 267). Even though the drawing of her familys name was done completely fair she tries to come up with some excuse. Even though her whole family, including her children, initially had the potential to be stoned she was the only one who wanted a redrawing done.When Tessies realized she had the paper she did not even try to say good day to her family. Most people, even criminals today, would rather spend their last moments saying goodbye to their loved ones. Tessie on the another(prenominal) hand continually said, It isnt fair, it isnt right(Jackson 269). With her continually saying this isnt fair or right this learns she does not believe in the system her town used. When she first got to the lottery she made a joke about leaving the dishes, as if she was okay with what was about to take place.When her familys name was drawn her true feeling were shown. She on the face of it did not ag ree with having a human sacrifice in order to better her towns chances of having a good harvest. Both the man from and Tessie were placed in some an extremely tense situation, and some(prenominal) reacted in a similar manner. The man cracked under the pressure of killing the old man and Tessie Hutchinson lost her composure when she found out she was the one who would be stoned. Henry James quote of characters are only as interesting as their responses to particular situations was confirmed from the above reading because both of the characters show a different, more interesting, side of themselves when they faced with a predicament.

Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson Essay Example for Free

Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson EssaySigmund Freud and Erik Erikson argon ii of psychologys trainingal forerunners, each one having his own surmise behind personality and the elements of advancing done the full stops of life. Eriksons theories came after Freuds and build on Freuds original acidify. twain of these psychologists have some common similarities and some differences as well in life, their c atomic number 18rs and how we use their work and theories still. Sigmund Freud was born(p) in Freiberg. Austria on May 6, 1856.When he was four his family moved to Vienna, where he would get laid and work for virtually of the catch ones breathder of his life. He ownd his medical degree in 1881 and married the following year. He had half dozen clawrenthe youngest of whom, Anna, was to herself become a distinguished psycho analyst. After graduation, Freud set up a private practice and began treating different psychological disorders. Considering himself offset printi ng and fore nearly a scientist, rather than a doctor, he strived to understand the journey of tender-hearted knowledge and experience.Early in his career, Freud was greatly baffled by the work of his Viennese colleague, Josef Breuer, who had discovered that when he encourage a hysterical patient to talk openly about the earliest events of the symptoms, the symptoms sometimes gradually decreased. exalt by Breuer, Freud proposed that neuroses had their roots in deeply traumatic experiences that had transpired in the patients past. He believed that the original occurrences had been forgotten and hole-and-corner(a) from sureness.His treatment was to em provide his patients to recall the experience and bring it to consciousness, and in doing so, confront it. He believed one could then(prenominal) release it and rid oneself of the neurotic symptoms. Freud and Breuer published their theories and findings in Studies in Hysteria (1895) In January 1933, the Nazis took control of Ger ga lore(postnominal), and Freuds books were full-grown among those they burned and destroyed. Freud quipped What progress we are devising. In the Middle Ages they would have burned me. Now, they are content with burning my books. Freud proceed to maintain his optimistic underestimation of the growing Nazi threat and remained determined to stay in Vienna, even following the Anschluss of 13 March 1938 in which Nazi Germany annexed Austria, and the outbursts of violent anti-Semitism that ensued. Ernest Jones, the then chairperson of the International Psychoanalytic Association (IPA), flew into Vienna from London via Prague on 15 March determined to wee Freud to change his mind and seek exile in Britain. This prospect and the shock of the detention and interrogation of Anna Freud by the Gestapo finally convinced Freud it was time to leave Austria.3 Erik Erikson was born June 15, 1902 in Frankfurt, Germany. His m otherwise and father had obscure beforehand his birth, but it was kept a secret from him that he was his mothers kid from an extramarital union. His mother raise Erik by herself before marrying a physician, Dr. Theodor Homberger. The fact that Homberger was not his biological father was kept secret from him for many years. When he finally did learn the truth, he was left with a touch sensation of confusion about who he really was. This experience helped spark his interest in the spend a pennyation of identity and was further contracted found upon his experiences in school.Like Freud, Erikson was raised in Jewish religion. At his temple school, clawren teased him for being Nordic because he was tall, blonde, and blue-eyed. In grammar school, he was excluded because of his Jewish abideground. These experiences helped fuel his interest in identity formation and continued to influence his work throughout his life. Erikson was a student and teacher of arts, and while teaching at a private school in Vienna, he became acquainted with Anna Freud, the daughter of Sigmund Freud. Erikson underwent psychoanalysis, and after the experience he finalize to become an analyst himself.He was trained in psychoanalysis at the Vienna Psychoanalytic make for and also studied the Montessori Method of education, which pore on child beatment and sexual poses. In 1933, the Nazis came to power in Germany, and like Freud, Erikson and his wife Joan were forced to immigrate, first to Denmark and then to the United States, where he became the first child psychoanalyst in Boston. Psychoanalysis was created by Sigmund Freud (1916-1917). Freud believed that pot could be cured by making conscious their unconscious thoughts, thus gaining insight.The goal of psychoanalysis therapy is to let go of repressed emotions and experiences. Psychoanalysis is ordinarily used to treat depression and anxiety disorders. In his book The Psychopathology of Everyday Life, Freud explained how these unconscious thoughts and impulses are expressed, often through slips of the tongue (known as Freudian slips) and dreams. The psychoanalytic theory suggested by Sigmund Freud had a marvelous impact on 20th-century thought, inspiring the mental health field as well as other areas including art, literature and popular culture.Freud developed a theory that described development in terms of a series of psychosexual delivers. According to Freud, struggles that arise during each of these orders can have a lifelong influence on personality and behavior. In Freuds theory Psychoanalytic theory suggested that personality is generally accomplished by age of five. Early experiences play a large single-valued function in personality development and continue to influence behavior later in life. If these psychosexual stages are completed positively, the result is a healthy personality. If certain issues are not resolved at the appropriate stage, fixation can occur.A fixation is an insistent focus on an earlier psychosexual stage. Until this troth is resolved, the individual leave remain stuck in this stage. Oral Stage During the oral stage, the infants primary source of interaction occurs through the mouth, so the grow and sucking reflex is especially important. The mouth is vital for eating, and the infant derives pleasure from oral stimulation through gratifying activities such as tasting and sucking. Because the infant is entirely dependent upon caretakers (who are responsible for aliment the child), the infant also develops a sentiency of trust and comfort through this oral stimulation.The primary conflict at this stage is the weaning processthe child must become less dependent upon caretakers. If fixation occurs at this stage, Freud believed the individual would have issues with dependency or aggression. Oral fixation can result in problems with drinking, eating, smoking, or nail biting. Anal Stage The anal stage is directly related to a childs awareness of bowel control and gaining pleasure through the act of eliminating or ret aining feces. Freuds theory puts the anal stage between 18 months and three years.It is believed that when a child becomes fixated on receiving pleasure through commanding and eliminating feces, a child can become obsessed with control, perfection, and cleanliness. This is often referred to as anal retentive, while anal expulsive is the opposite. Those who are anal expulsive may be extremely disorganized, live in chaos, and are known for making messes. Phallic Stage Freud believes the phallic stage or the Oedipus or Electra complexes occurs during a child is three to sextet years of age.The impression is that male children harbor unconscious, sexual attraction to their mothers, while female children develop a sexual attraction to their father. Freud taught that young boys also deal with bumpings of rivalry with their father. These feelings naturally resolve once the child begins to identify with their same sex parent. By identifying with the same sex parent, the child continues w ith normal, healthy sexual development. If a child becomes fixated during this phase, the result could be sexual deviance or a confused sexual identity. rotational latency StageThe latency stage is named so because Freud believed thither werent many overt forms of sexual gratification displayed. This stage is said to last from the age of six until a child enters puberty. Most children throughout this age form same sex friendships and play in a manner that is non-sexual. Unconscious sexual desires and thoughts remain repressed. venereal Stage Freud believed that after the unconscious, sexual desires are repressed and remain dormant during the latency stage, they are change due to puberty. This stage begins at puberty and develops with the physiology changes brought on through hormones.The prior stages of development result in a focus on the genitals as a source for pleasure and teens develop and seek attractions to the opposite sex. The genital stage is the last stage of the psych osexual development theory. 4 Those inspired and influenced by Freud went on to expand upon Freuds ideas and develop theories of their own. Erik Eriksons ideas have become perhaps the best known. Eriksons eight-stage theory of psychosocial development describes return and change throughout the lifespan, focusing on social interaction and conflicts that arise during different stages of development.Psychosocial Stage 1-Trust vs. discredit The first stage of Eriksons theory of psychosocial development occurs between birth and one year of age and is the most fundamental stage in life. Because an infant is utterly dependent, the development of trust is based on the dependability and quality of the childs caregivers. If a child successfully develops trust, he or she give feel safe and capture in the world. Caregivers who are inconsistent, emotionally unavailable, or rejecting contribute to feelings of mistrust in the children they care for.Failure to develop trust will result in fear and a belief that the world is inconsistent and unpredictable. Of course, no child is going to develop a sense of ascorbic acid percent trust or 100 percent doubt. Erikson believed that successful development was all about striking a balance between the two opposing sides. When this happens, children acquire hope, which Erikson described as an openness to experience tempered by some solicitude that danger may be present. Psychosocial Stage 2 Autonomy vs. Shame and DoubtThe second stage of Eriksons theory of psychosocial development takes place during early childhood and is focused on children developing a great sense of personal control. Like Freud, Erikson believed that bathroom training was a vital part of this process. However, Eriksons reasoning was preferably different than that of Freuds. Erikson believe that learning to control ones bodily functions leads to a feeling of control and a sense of independence. Other important events include gaining more control over food choices, toy preferences, and clothing selection.Children who successfully complete this stage feel secure and confident, while those who do not are left with a sense of inadequacy and self-doubt. Erikson believed that achieving a balance between autonomy and shame and doubt would lead to will, which is the belief that children can act with intention, within reason and limits. Psychosocial stage 3 Initiative vs. Guilt During the preschool years, children begin to keep up their power and control over the world through directing play and other social interactions.Children who are successful at this stage feel capable and able to lead others. Those who part to acquire these skills are left with a sense of guilt, self-doubt, and lack of initiative. When an ideal balance of individual initiative and a willingness to work with others is achieved, the ego quality known as purpose emerges. Psychosocial Stage 4 Industry vs. Inferiority This stage covers the early school years from approx imately age 5 to 11. Through social interactions, children begin to develop a sense of pride in their accomplishments and abilities.Children who are encouraged and commended by parents and teachers develop a feeling of competence and belief in their skills. Those who receive little or no encouragement from parents, teachers, or peers will doubt their abilities to be successful. Successfully finding a balance at this stage of psychosocial development leads to the lastingness known as competence or a belief our own abilities to handle the tasks set before us. Psychosocial Stage 5 Identity vs. Confusion During adolescence, children explore their independence and develop a sense of self.Those who receive proper encouragement and reinforcement through personal exploration will emerge from this stage with a strong sense of self and a feeling of independence and control. Those who remain unsure of their beliefs and desires will feel insecure and confused about themselves and the future. Completing this stage successfully leads to fidelity, which Erikson described as an ability to live by societys standards and expectations. Psychosocial Stage 6 Intimacy vs. Isolation This stage covers the period of early adulthood when people are exploring personal relationships.Erikson believed it was vital that people develop close, commit relationships with other people. Those who are successful at this step will form relationships that are committed and secure. Remember that each step builds on skills knowing in previous steps. Erikson believed that a strong sense of personal identity was important for developing snug relationships. Studies have demonstrated that those with a poor sense of self tend to have less committed relationships and are more likely to suffer emotional isolation, loneliness, and depression.Successful resolution of this stage results in the fair play known as love. It is marked by the ability to form lasting, meaningful relationships with other people . Psychosocial Stage 7 Generativity vs. Stagnation During adulthood, we continue to build our lives, focusing on our career and family. Those who are successful during this phase will feel that they are contributing to the world by being active in their home and community. Those who fail to attain this skill will feel unproductive and uninvolved in the world. Care is the virtue achieved when this stage is handled successfully.Being knightly of your accomplishments, watching your children grow into adults, and developing a sense of unity with your life retainer are important accomplishments of this stage. Psychosocial Stage 8 Integrity vs. Despair This phase occurs during old age and is focused on reflecting back on life. Those who are unsuccessful during this stage will feel that their life has been raddled and will experience many regrets. The individual will be left with feelings of bitterness and despair. Those who feel proud of their accomplishments will feel a sense of int egrity.Successfully completing this phase means looking back with few regrets and a general feeling of satisfaction. These individuals will attain wisdom, even when confronting death. 5 Although there are many similarities between Freud and Eriksons theorys, there are many differences. In the first stage both believe that a child develops their sense of trust at this stage of development. encourage stage both believe that a sense of independence is learned at this stage of development, and that toilet training is an important focus of this independence. Parental attitudes at this time can also have a lasting effect.Third stage, Freud believed this stage was where a child identifies with the same-sex parent and develops self-esteem. Erikson felt that this was the stage where a child begins to exert power and control over their environment. That is where you will start to see more differences in the two theories. Fourth stage, occurs at ages seven through 11. Freud believes that this is an intermediary stage of development where the child forms interactions with their environment. Erikson refers to it as intentness versus inferiority. He believes that children begin to demonstrate their ability to succeed.Fifth stage, according to Freud, this is the final stage, and it continues throughout a persons life. He calls it the genital stage. Freud believes that a person learns to channel their biological instincts into socially-acceptable displays of love and career goals. Erikson called this stage identity versus role confusion. He believed it was a period where the focus of development shifts to social bonding in order to corroborate meaning in ones life and assert individuality. Erikson continues with three more stages which occur throughout adulthood.