Political Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Political Behavior - Essay Example Several evidences have suggested that modern generation is may be seeing the arrival of a period of augmented involvement by young individuals, along with citizens more commonly, within a political society (Owen, 2008). According to the observation, it has been revealed that the agents of political socialization play a crucial role in a political system in order to change the traditional trend of political socialization. Over the years, it has been ascertained that family, school, teachers and communication media among others have been highly engaged with political socialization as an intermediary (Danziger, 2013). Correspondingly, it has been identified that education systems such as high-schools and colleges have the gateway of democratic concept in modern civilization. Young adults have learned many of the values, skills and abilities through the education in this world. Apart from this, political knowledge and political engagement have been increased through the help of civic education. For example, academic study related to political science and real democratic approach in schools/colleges can be presented among the prime (Danziger, 2013). Similarly, family culture has also influenced the approach of the youth in political socialization. According to the analysis, it has been observed that political conversations of youths’ parents have acted as a vital determinant to grow political socialization amid young individuals. Thus, family can be regarded as a â€Å"distinct socializing agent†. For an example, discussion related to political issues and vote can drive political thoughts. Consequently, mass media including newspaper, magazine, the internet and films also can be named as agents of political socialization. Over the years, along with the changing political scenario, the approaches of mass media have been transformed in a parallel manner (Danziger,

Children Dealing With Obesity Essay Example for Free

Children Dealing With Obesity Essay Obesity is a sensitive issue for adults’ so one can imagine how a child with obesity is affected mentally, emotionally, physically, and spiritually; emotionally: children have low self-esteem, mentally: children are stressed, physically: children are overweight, and it affects their well-being altogether. This is why it is so important that mandating that Parent, Teachers, and the community is educated on Childhood Obesity. After closely evaluating the situation and speaking to various parents, physicians, and viewing the actions of the children it has shown that all children are not Obese because of bad parenting. Obesity in children can come from various medical problems in children such as a thyroid issue meaning that his or her metabolism is not functioning correctly, or a pituitary gland issue meaning that he or she is growing too fast. Childhood obesity can also be genetic meaning that the child can be prone to it because of family history; no matter what the issue or problem it is necessary that we as a community be educated and parents should involve themselves in their child’s activities as well. The National Academies (2015) website recommends that the Government, families, industries, communities, and schools should support the children by showing leadership and commitment in evaluating prevention programs, food intake, make the evaluation capacity stronger by having good quality interventions. Schools can begin by monitoring students by placing cameras in the school cafeterias, and also schools and families can monitor the amount of food placed on a child’s plate, making sure that the plates are colorful with adequate fruits, veggies, whole grains, and dairy, caregivers and families should also monitor physical activities and the consumption of water. According to The National Academies (2015), â€Å"There will be a greater likelihood of success when public, private, and voluntary organizations purposefully combine their respective resources, strengths,  and comparative advantages to ensure a coordinated effort over the long term† (Progress in Preventing Childhood Obesity: How Do We Measure Up?). In order for this policy to be analyzed, the cameras had to be viewed, attestation, and possibly re-educate everyone. It seems to be working; the children are drinking more water, and eating healthier, and has included more quality physical exercise in his and her program. Parents are asking the right questions and getting more involved as well, parents are spending more and more time with their children as the teachers. Group sessions are working because the child has begun to speak up more, and is smiling and loving themselves more and more each session. Parents and teachers attended workshops to educate them in the maintenance and long-term prevention of obesity. One in five children are overweight, while one-third are obese that is why parents need to learn major factors that stimulate the development of childhood obesity. There should be some sort of consequences given if the stakeholders: being parents, schools and physicians are not willing to cooperate and get involved, possibly higher insurance premium until he or she cooperates, as for the teachers and or schools, begin by minimizing the school funds, because the schools funds are to educate and make sure the child is healthy and safe. In the conclusion the child’s lifestyle, nutrition, and environment needs to change for the better of the child. Parents need to be more educated on the illnesses that can and will develop unless these workshops are attended. It is understandable that organic foods and even most healthy foods and beverages are expensive and are not affordable, but parents can help by baking and not frying, by not supporting fast foods; schools can help by offering fruits instead of chips and junk food, offer milk instead of soda, and both parents and schools she push more water. References The National Academies. (2015). The National Academies Press. Retrieved from http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11722page=70 Shi, L. (2014). Introduction to Health Policy. Chicago, IL: Health Administration Press.

Conquering of Fear :: Personal Narrative, Autobiographical Essay

Conquering of Fear For as long as I could remember I have had a chronic fear of crashes at high speeds and that my best friend Joseph has never feared anything. He would jump off the Eiffel Tower if he got the chance. On the day that I would finally conquer my fear I was in the back seat of Joseph’s uncle’s Ford Expedition with the whole seat to myself. If I were to turn my head around I would see the large speeder boat the car was pulling behind it. We were on our way to the Delta Marina. Our plan was to go tubing in the water. The only way we would end our turn on the tube was by flipping over and crashing into the water. The road began to get rocky and the smell of wet wood was in the air. We finally reached the loading point for cars with boats. It was not until I was sitting in the boat with my life vest on and I could feel the swaying of the marina water that I realized how scared I was. I was shaking slightly, my palms were soaked with sweat and suddenly I felt as if I had to go to the bathroom very desperately and the engine had not even been turned on yet. I sat in the very back of the boat facing the front. When I saw Joseph’s uncle put the key in the ignition I almost instinctively grabbed the closest thing to my hand. To my surprise I had grabbed Joseph’s arm who had sat adjacent to me. I recoiled with great embarrassment. Joseph said joshingly, â€Å"Oh Adam I didn’t know you felt that way.† Then he laughed, but I was too caught up in my mistake to laugh or even notice the engine had turned on. The sudden acceleration surprised me so much I almost fell off right away. It took a few seconds, but I got use to the speed and even began to find a peace in the wind and the sound it made as it rushed by my ears. I sat in a very scholarly position with my hands folded and my back straight up. I looked over at Joseph and saw him in a reclining position with one hand holding a soda and the other hanging out the side of the boat feeling the water that the boat pushed up in large cascades as it cut through the once calm currents. Conquering of Fear :: Personal Narrative, Autobiographical Essay Conquering of Fear For as long as I could remember I have had a chronic fear of crashes at high speeds and that my best friend Joseph has never feared anything. He would jump off the Eiffel Tower if he got the chance. On the day that I would finally conquer my fear I was in the back seat of Joseph’s uncle’s Ford Expedition with the whole seat to myself. If I were to turn my head around I would see the large speeder boat the car was pulling behind it. We were on our way to the Delta Marina. Our plan was to go tubing in the water. The only way we would end our turn on the tube was by flipping over and crashing into the water. The road began to get rocky and the smell of wet wood was in the air. We finally reached the loading point for cars with boats. It was not until I was sitting in the boat with my life vest on and I could feel the swaying of the marina water that I realized how scared I was. I was shaking slightly, my palms were soaked with sweat and suddenly I felt as if I had to go to the bathroom very desperately and the engine had not even been turned on yet. I sat in the very back of the boat facing the front. When I saw Joseph’s uncle put the key in the ignition I almost instinctively grabbed the closest thing to my hand. To my surprise I had grabbed Joseph’s arm who had sat adjacent to me. I recoiled with great embarrassment. Joseph said joshingly, â€Å"Oh Adam I didn’t know you felt that way.† Then he laughed, but I was too caught up in my mistake to laugh or even notice the engine had turned on. The sudden acceleration surprised me so much I almost fell off right away. It took a few seconds, but I got use to the speed and even began to find a peace in the wind and the sound it made as it rushed by my ears. I sat in a very scholarly position with my hands folded and my back straight up. I looked over at Joseph and saw him in a reclining position with one hand holding a soda and the other hanging out the side of the boat feeling the water that the boat pushed up in large cascades as it cut through the once calm currents.

“a Comparative Study of Personal Financial Planning Awareness and Its Degree of Implementation Among Age Groups.”

Abstract Financial planning may mean different things to different people. For one person, it may mean  planning investments  to provide security during retirement. For another, it may mean planning savings and investments to provide money for a dependent's college education. Financial planning may even mean making career-related decisions or choosing the right insurance products. In reality Financial Planning is the process of meeting financial goals through the proper management of finances.It is generally seen that people have a misconception that financial planning is about saving more and spending less but that is not the case, it is more about saving the right amount so that future goals can be met. The objective of financial planning is * To ensure that the right amount of money is available in right hands at right point of time in the future to achieve the desired goals and objectives. It * Provides direction and meaning to your financial decisions. * It allows you to und erstand how each financial decision you make affects other areas of your finances. Financial planning and investments can be undertaken by anyone with a clear assessment of one's inflow of funds and the goals that need to be achieved from time to time. Keywords: Financial planning, wealth management, investment instruments, real estate Introduction Financial planning is achieving your financial goals in the most efficient manner. The broad areas of financial planning include  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ | | | 1. 2. | Investment planning  -Your wealth will only grow over time if you have invested it in assets. Investment planning  deals with the kind of investments an individual should invest in to get the best out of his wealth.Financial StatementsIn this the risk and return profiling of an individual is done based on his life stage, spending requirements with respect to his income and wealth, time horizon and liquidity requirements and various individual specific constraints. Investment Plannin g is important because it helps you to derive the maximum benefit from your investments. | Cash flow planning  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ In simple terms, cash flow refers to the inflow and outflow of money. It is a record of your income and expenses. Though this sounds simple, very few people actually take time out to find out what comes in and what goes out of their hands each month.Cash flow planning refers to the process of identifying the major expenditures in future (both short-term and long-term) and making planned investments so that the required amount is accumulated within the required time frame. Cash flow planning is the first thing that should be done prior to starting an investment exercise, because only then will you be in a position to know how your finances look like, and what is it that you can invest without causing a strain on yourself. It will also enable you to understand if a particular investment matches with your flow requirement| | | 3. Retirement planning  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Reti rement planning means making sure you will have enough money to live on after retiring from work. Retirement should be the best period of your life, when you can literally sit back and relax or enjoy your life by reaping benefits of what you earn in so many years of hard work. But it is easier said than done. To achieve a hassle-free retired life, you need to make prudent investment decisions during your working life, thus putting your hard-earned money to work for you in future. Planning for retirement is as important as planning your career and marriage.Life takes its own course and from the poorest to the wealthiest, no one gets spared. We get older every day, without realizing. However, we assume that old age is never going to touch us. The future depends to a great extent on the choices you make today. Right decisions with the help of proper financial planning, taken at the right time will assure smile and success at the time of retirement. Retirement Planning acquires added im portance because of the fact that though longevity has increased, the number of working years haven't. |   | 4. Tax planning  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Tax evasion is illegal but tax minimization is legal. Thus you can reduce your tax liability by planning effectively. With proper tax planning you can increase your after tax income. |   | 5. | Children future planning- It is essential to plan for the future of your children. The purpose of Children's Future Planning is to create a corpus for foreseeable expenditures such as those on higher education and wedding and to provide for an adequate security cover during their growing years. Savings alone is no longer enough.For ensuring adequate funding of your child's education, you as a parent need to invest appropriate amount systematically and at regular intervals to provide for a financial security to cover any casualties. |   | 6. | Insurance planning  -Insurance Planning is concerned with ensuring adequate coverage against insurable risks. Calculating the right level of risk cover require considerable expertise. Proper Insurance Planning can help you look at the possibility of getting a wider coverage for the same amount of premium or the same level of coverage for the same amount of premium or the same level of coverage for a reduced premium.Insurance, simply put, is the cover for the risks that we run during our lives. Insurance enables you to live your lives to the fullest, without worrying about the financial impact of events that could hamper it. In other words, insurance protects you from the contingencies. So insurance planning is very important. |   | 7. | Estate planning- Every individual acquires a considerable amount of estate during his lifetime which after his death or during his lifetime is transferred to either his heirs or to institutions or to charities.Planning this transfer in the most efficient way is termed as Estate planning. | Who requires financial planning and how is it different from wealt h management Almost everyone requires  financial planning. As the old adage goes-If one is failing to plan, they are surely planning to fail. Good and thoughtful  investment planning  is the cornerstone of an individual's good financial health. Although similar fundamentally, Financial planning defers as compared with wealth management.Wealth management though similar to  financial planning  is dissimilar in the sense that To do wealth management a considerable amount of wealth is required. Financial planning on the other hand is required by everybody as it deals with planning related to achieve financial goals in the most effective manner. It is wise to seek expert advice from professionals such as a financial planning expert because in the attempt to save on the fees, you could end up with poor financial information and decisions that can prove disastrous for family funds.In the case of the working individual, insufficient or random saving for retirement can lead to a re duced lifestyle later, while in the case of the businessman, poorly managed tax preparation could culminate in unexpected tax debt and a loss of carefully accumulated wealth. Most popular Investment Avenues in India 1. Public Provident Fund 2. Life Insurance Policy 3. Housing Property 4. National Saving Certificate 5. Gold& Precious stones 6. Equity 7. Fixed Deposit 8. Mutual Fund 9. Systematic Investment Plan 10. Exchange Traded funds Source : Economic Times. Objective: 1.Spread awareness about personal financial planning among individuals. 2. To know the degree of financial planning awareness and its implementation by individual. 3. To know the most popular investment instrument among individuals Conceptual framework Financial Planning is all about preparing a sequence of action steps to achieve a specific financial goal. A financial plan is a roadmap to achieve your life's financial goals. It is like a map, where you can always see how much you have progressed towards your projec ted financial goal and how far you are from your destination.Financial planning is a process consisting of the following activities- | * Assessing present assets and resources to understand the current situation| | * Setting objectives- Both in terms of returns and risks | | * Determining constraints and financial planning areas like Taxes, Legalities, time horizon, liquidity, unique circumstances | | * Determining appropriate plan and strategy to achieve financial goals. | | * Evaluating the plan in a timely manner. | | * Adjusting and modifying the plan if change in conditions. | Review of LiteratureElaine King, discussed that you should identify your senior parent’s core values and priorities (i. e. financial lifestyle and potential health care costs) and proactively plan to integrate them seamlessly into your multigenerational family’s financial objectives. He also discussed know who your aging parent’s physicians, financial planners, and legal and tax profe ssionals are, and become well-versed in the advice and information your parents are receiving. Who should make financial, legal, and medical decisions for your elderly parents, if they are no longer capable of handling their own affairs?Tim Sobolewski, CFP ® said that Choosing a financial planner is as important as choosing a doctor or lawyer; it's a very personal relationship. In addition to competency, a financial planner should have integrity, trust and a commitment to ethical behavior and high professional standards. You want a planner who puts your needs and interests first. Jessie Foster, Lincoln Financial Advisors, Where does the Money Go? Said that many people would rather do anything else than attempt to understand or set a budget for themselves and their families. The standard advice from most inancial planners when it comes to budgeting is to â€Å"spend less and save more†. But for most families this is easier said than done, no matter what their income level. A nd exactly what do we mean by â€Å"spend less†, less on what? Most people do not even know where their money goes never mind where to cut back Doug Lennick provides a simple and clear four-step method, known as the 4Rs, for making wise financial and life decisions based on your core values. When you find yourself in a highly charged event, such as the Dow Jones plummeting, rash decisions often follow-like selling out your entire stock portfolio at record lows!Madhu Sinha has explained Financial Planning is meant for lay investors, financial planners and students pursuing courses on financial planning. It simplifies financial mathematics to enable an investor map financial goals that she would like to achieve. The book includes solved problems on retirement planning and over 350 questions and answers on time value of money. Besides theses, it dwells on mutual funds and other investment products that are currently available. The book also discusses the process of constructing and revising a financial plan on the basis of an investor's financial goals.STEPHEN’S states some things that financial planning consist of is investments, insurance, credit cards, scholarships, tuition, and housing. Investments are basically a method of putting money away in the expectation that it will grow into a larger amount. Insurance is a form risk management used to negate the risk of loss in which the provider covers the monetary loss of an object in the case of an event in exchange for a premium paid by the customer. Research MethodologyThe main investigation of the study is to identify the degree of awareness about financial planning and how many people are actually doing financial planning for achieving their financial goals. The study covers both primary and secondary data . Primary data is collected by distributing questionnaire to the individuals ; secondary data collected from various journals, articles, websites This is an empirical study based on survey meth od. The techniques of questionnaires, discussion, interviews and observations were followed to obtain the required information.All the selected individuals were given the questionnaire to get the information their financial standings. A questionnaire containing a set of 18 questions have been distributed among the individuals who are working with the IT firms in Pune. The study is conducted within the Pune specifically in and around Hinjewadi area. The respondents were particularly in the age group of 30-4o years and are higher middle class people. Hypothesis 1. Individual is aware about personal financial planning and is implementing the same. 2.Life Insurance plans are most popular among the investors. 3. Fixed Deposits are most popular among the investors. 4. Wills are current of Individuals 5. Individuals take professional help for their financial planning. Findings: 1) All the 50 respondents were in the age group of 30-40years which falls in accumulation stage and needs strong financial planning. Among them 70% of them wanted to retire in 15 years and 27% wanted to retire in 20 years and only 3% wanted to retire after 20 years. 2) Majority of the respondents i. e. 0% of them didn’t knew how much they would require at the time of retirement and only 10% of them had a exact calculation of how much they would require. 3) 5% of the respondents are taking professional help for their financial planning. 4) Almost everyone was aware about all the avenues available in the market. But only 60% of the people are investing only in Real estate, gold, Life insurance and Fixed deposits. 5) Most popular investment options among the investors are as follows most popular follow by least popular from top to bottom: a. Real estate . Public Provident Fund c. Life insurance d. Fixed Deposit e. National Saving Certificate f. Gold g. Mutual fund h. Equity i. Systematic investment plan j. Exchange traded funds 6) 95% of the respondents have not done a will and 100% of the m have a home loan with home loan insurance as it is mandatory by the housing loan providing banks. 7) 60% of the people have an additional insurance cover over and above the cover provided by its employers. All these 60% i. e. 30 respondents have a term plan. 8) None of the individual interviewed had made their Will.Conclusion Awareness of available financial products is high in the target population. However, a number of factors — including a series of high-profile scams, detrimental practices of advisors with a short-term view and the lack of a strong investor protection environment — have contributed to investor insecurity. This is the primary reason why the targeted respondents are taking a myopic view towards investments, largely discarding the option of long-term investments and personal retirement planning unless offered as an additional tax savings instrument.The most popular investment avenue is real estate among the respondents especially a residential house , as it gives a huge capital appreciation and also a considerable rental income, in additional there is limited risk associated to it. Barring few bad years, property prices in India have been moving upwards. Moreover, loan taken on a residential property has a tax deduction. And the second most popular investment avenue is PPF as it is mandatory to have PPF account and employer’s contribution too. Scope of the Study for Further Study 1. Subject matter is related to the investor’s approach towards various investment objectives. . People of age between 30-40 (accumulation stage) 3. Whole Pune Area 4. Demographics include names, age, qualification, occupation, marital status and annual income. Limitations of the Study No study is free from limitations. The limitations of this study can be: * Sample size taken is small and may not be sufficient to predict the results with 100% accuracy. * The result is based on primary and secondary data that has its own limitations. * Th e study only covers the area of Pune that may not be applicable to other areas. Suggestions 1.It is suggested to individual to inculcate the habit of financial planning as soon as one starts earning 2. Every individual interviewed was suggested to look into various investment avenues apart from conservation investment options like PPF, FD, and Residential property. 3. Individuals are suggested to take professional help to set and evaluate the financial goals, this will help them to set goals practically and know the proper way to achieve them 4. Individuals were also guided not to fall prey to financial consultants. They should do their through study before making any investment decision. 5.Individual were suggested to make their will and fill the form for nomination for each investment. Biblography 1. Sreekant V, CFPCM,Managing Partner, Sabarigiri Institute The Third Inevitable:Impact of Inflation on Financial Planning, 2008 2. Akhilesh Tilotia, CFPCM,Director, Director, PARK Finan cial Advisors Pvt. Ltd. Why should you think long term? 2008 3. Elaine King, CFP ®, CDFATM  and Philip Herzberg, CFP ®, AEP ®, MSF  Financial Parenting for Young Adults 4. Elaine King, CFP ®, CDFAâ„ ¢, and Philip Herzberg, CFP ®, MSF Financial Planning for Your Family’s Well-being 2010 5. Tim Sobolewski, CFP ®, How to Choose a Financial Adviser 2011 . Financial Planners Association, Build a Solid Financial Plan! August 2009 7. Jessie Foster, Lincoln Financial Advisors, Where does the Money Go? August 20, 2012 8. Lisa Holton, The Encyclopeidia of Finanicail Plannning FPA Press p24 9. Financial Intelligence: How to Make Smart, Values-Based Decisions with Your Money and Your Life Doug Lennick FPA, p82 10. Madhu Sinha Financial Planning McGrawHill Education 11. Stacie Zoe Berg, The Unofficial Guide to Managing Your Personal Finances, Wiley p210 12. Consumer Panel Research Paper: March 2006 Financial Services Consumer Panel, p36 13.Agshe, Anil, (2009), â€Å"Fi nancial Service, Market ; Regulation† 1st edition, Himalaya Publishing House, Mumbai. 14. 8. Mishkin, Fredric, (2011), â€Å"Financial Market ; Institution†, 6th edition, Pearson Education, New Jersey. 15. Pradian, Punithavathy, (2009), â€Å"Financial Services ; Market†2nd edition, Vikas Publishing House, Noida, India. 16. Raja rajan (1997,1998) high lightened segmentation of investors on the basis of their characteristics, investment size, and the relationship between stage in life cycle of the investors and their investment pattern. References 1. http://www. kotaksecurities. om/university/ 2. http://www. fpanet. org/ToolsResources/ArticlesBooksChecklists/ 3. http://www. fpanet. org/ToolsResources/ArticlesBooksChecklists/Articles/FinancialPlanning/ 4. http://financial-planning. stsd. wikispaces. net/ 5. http://economictimes. indiatimes. com/ 6. http://www. financialexpress. com/ 7. http://wealth. moneycontrol. com/ Annexure A This questionnaire is solely for th e research purpose and personal information will be treated highly confidential. We strictly follow do not disturb policy. If you do not want to disclose any of the personal information that is fully acceptable.Questionnaire 1) Please check the range below which includes your age: under 30 30-39 40-49 2) Which of the following best describes your current employment situation? Please choose one: Full-time Homemaker Part-time Temporary Unemployed Retired Working Student 3) Please indicate which of the following includes your annual personal income, before taxes: Under INR 5,00,000 INR 5 – 12 LAKHS INR 12 – 18 LAKHS Over INR 18 LAKHS 4) In how many years do you plan to retire? I am retired 15 years 20 years More than 20 years 5) Have you planned for retirement YES NO ) Do you know how much you need after retirement per annum? 6 Lakhs 12 Lakhs 18 Lakhs 24 Lakhs 7) Are you saving for retirement? Yes No 8) Which investment instruments are you aware of? Life Insurance Policy Equity MF Real Estate ETF FD Gold; Precious stones NSC SIP MF Real estate 9) In which of the following instruments you invest for retirement? FD Pension Plans LIC Health Insurance Real Estate Precious Metals and Stones Any other (please Specify) 10) Can you give a % wise break up of investments from above investment instruments? Life Insurance policy NSC Equitydebt InstrumentsMF SIP Real estate Real Estate ETF Gold and silver 11) Do you take a professional help for your financial planning? Yes No 12) Have you started investing in children’s education plan? Yes No 13) Have you done the will? No Yes Thinking 14) Do you have a home loan? Yes No 15) Is your home loan insurance covered? Yes No Partly 16) Does your company give you insurance cover? Yes No 17) Do you hold additional personal Life insurance cover apart from what company provides you? YES NO 18) Which insurance do u hold? Term plan   Life Insurance policy ULIP Name : (optional) Organization Name: (optional)

Apostille Translation

REPUBLIC OF PANAMA ELECTORAL TRIBUNAL OF PANAMA BIRTH CERTIFICATE The National Civil Registry CERTIFIES Volume number that ****000**** Registration of births PANAMA Province in ***0000**** Item number is registered the birth: *****John Doe*****, No. Insc / Schedule: 0-000-000 Male, born on April ten thousand eight, in the Township of Calidonia, district PANAMA, PANAMA Province. Son of John Doe Senior, ID 0-000-000 Jane Doe Senior, ID 0-000-000 Issued in the Province PANAMA, May twenty nine of two thousand eleven. Seal/Stampl: Republic of Panama, Electoral Tribunal of Panama Republic of Panama Electoral Tribunal The National Civil Registry certifies that the foregoing signature corresponding to Ivan Noel Guerra B. , Deputy National Civil Registry of Panama, on the date of this document is authentic. Panama, thirty (30) May two thousand and eleven (2011). Illegible signature Brigido Poveda Samaniego National Secretary of the Civil Registry   Apostille (Hague Convention of October 5, 1961) 1. In Panama, 2. It was signed by BRIGIDO POVEDA S. 3. Who acts as the National Civil Registry: NATIONAL SECRETARY 4. And it is coated seal / stamp: ELECTORAL TRIBUNAL Certified 5. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs 6. On: 30/05/2011 7. By: Department of Authentication and Legalization 8. Under number: 9. Seal / Stamp: 10. Signature of Officer Dorinda del Carmen Cortizo de Zanetti, Deputy Head of authentication, Ministry of Foreign Affairs REPUBLIC OF PANAMA ELECTORAL TRIBUNAL OF PANAMA BIRTH CERTIFICATE The National Civil Registry CERTIFIES Volume number that ****000**** Registration of births PANAMA Province in ***0000**** Item number is registered the birth: *****Jane Doe*****, No. Insc / Schedule: 0-000-000 Female, blood type O+, born on September twenty of two thousand and eleven, in the Township of San Francisco, district PANAMA, PANAMA Province. Son of John Doe Senior, ID 0-000-000 Jane Doe Senior, ID 0-000-000 Issued in the Province PANAMA, May twenty nine of two thousand eleven. Seal/Stamp: Republic of Panama, Electoral Tribunal of Panama Republic of Panama Electoral Tribunal The National Civil Registry certifies that the foregoing signature corresponding to Ivan Noel Guerra B. , Deputy National Civil Registry of Panama, on the date of this document is authentic. Panama, thirty (30) May two thousand and eleven (2011). Illegible signature Brigido Poveda Samaniego National Secretary of the Civil Registry ************************************************************************************************* Apostille (Hague Convention of October 5, 1961) 1. In Panama, 2. It was signed by Brig POVEDA S. 3. Who acts as the National Civil Registry SECRETARY 4. And it is coated seal / stamp: ELECTORAL TRIBUNAL Certified 5. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs 6. On 30/05/2011 7. By: Department of Authentication and Legalization 8. Under number: 9. Seal / Stamp:

Discuss any link between the poetry of Donne and Milton Essays

Discuss any link between the poetry of Donne and Milton Essays Discuss any link between the poetry of Donne and Milton Paper Discuss any link between the poetry of Donne and Milton Paper Essay Topic: Donne Poems Poetry Much poetry from the 16th and 17th Centuries, was based around religion, addressing God, and asking for His help and advice. Two such examples of the authors who wrote this poetry are John Donne and John Milton. Both these men were highly religious people, and used their poetry to question and criticise God, as is shown in the two poems that I have studied below. In Johns Donnes poem, Holy Sonnet 14, Donne is demanding Gods help. He uses violent masculine imagery as well as passive feminine imagery to make these demands. Donne also uses metaphors and paradoxes in order to show his need for God in his life. In the first six lines of Holy Sonnet 14, Donne uses a metaphor with which his life is a usurped town. He says in the first line, batter my heart, three personed god. Here, Donne demands that God break into his town and allow the people to follow. In line two he starts to complain about how little God has done in pushing his way through the gates of his town. He tells God to oerthrow me demanding that God overthrow his town (soul) and take it over. The fourth line begins with Donne showing how Gods power could break into the town and make it new. He uses powerful verbs such as break, blow, burn when describing Gods powerful means. Then in lines five and six, Donne proclaims to God that he wants to let God into his heart but that he has failed in doing so. Although Donne takes responsibility for his failure in letting God in, he criticises gods viceroy (reasoning). In line seven, Donne shifts his feelings of self-remorse and turns them into criticisms of reason. He begins this shift by starting the sentence with reason. Reason not only signifies a shift in his tone and feeling, but it also represents Gods viceroy, his representative, within Donnes soul. The second part of this poem begins Donnes second metaphor. In this part of the poem Donne demands things of God that would be more like characteristics of things that are against what God stands for. In line nine, Donne proclaims his love to God and he tells God he wants to be loved back. But in line ten he says he is betrothed unto your enemy. Here, betrothed is inferring his relationship is so close to the enemy that it can be compared to marriage. Donne has become so close to Gods enemy that he feels helpless against him. In the next two lines Donne pleas for Gods help. Donnes plea for help is reflected in action phrases such as divorce me, break that knot again. He also pleads for action, saying ravish me and enthrall me. Donne is telling God, paradoxically, that he will never be pure or virginal unless God rapes him and will never be free unless God enslaves him. A paradox Donne uses is how he asks God to take over his body. He uses sexual images as if he was a female. Sexual imaginary is best shown in his final line, Nor ever chaste, except you ravish me. Being ravished or chaste is most commonly associated with women. He is saying in order for him to be virginal again, he must be raped and enslaved by God, becoming no longer pure. But when done by God, it will return him back to a virginal state. Another interesting paradox is why he uses the word reason when referring to Gods viceroy. Traditionally the word reason has been used to try and contradict religious influences. This may imply along with the poems mixed syntax Donnes confused state of mind when writing this poem. These types of things may also imply his insecurity with his faith in God. It seems as if he is using this poem to cry out for help from God. Donne uses metaphors and paradoxes in this poem to aid the reader in visualising God taking over Donnes body and spirit. His first metaphor compares his life with an usurped town. He uses a towns physical imagery in order to give an animated description of God usurping his soul. In the second half of the poem, Donne uses God and his enemy as the second metaphor. Here, God has to play the roles of his enemy in order to take over Donnes heart. Miltons Sonnet 19, When I Consider How My Light is Spent, shows a religious doubt within the author regarding his relationship to God. This doubt, possibly caused by the narrators recent loss of sight, stems from his confusion over what God wants him to do. Ultimately, there is no easy solution to the authors problem of religious, and Milton suggests that any clearness and happiness to be found can be had only with patience. The structure of the sonnet, which is Petrachian in style, is a conversation with God in the form of a question and an answer. It is divided into an octet which shows the reader the problem and leads to the question, and into a sestet which offers a sort of answer to the problem. The use of the word fondly in Line 7, which translates to foolishly in new English, shows that the author has doubt as to whether questioning God was the right thing for him to, and shows concern that he has made his relationship with God even more tenable. We are shown at the start of the poem, that since his blindness became apparent, Miltons talent has become ineffectual, and he has a feeling of not being able to serve his God in the ways that he has done before. We are not told exactly what Miltons line of work, or talent was, but it is clear that his life is feeling dark and empty while he is unable to perform his previously usual tasks, which is obviously making him feel like he is worthless in Gods eyes. We presume that the reply comes from a source of God, either being directly from Him, or indirectly via a messenger or angel. In reply to Miltons question as to whether a man has to be a hard worker to gain the respect of God, God says that it is not the hard-working man that comes off best, but the loyal, and believing one. The loss of light in this poem can be literal (physical blindness) or figurative (his understanding crippled, leading to a mind full of doubts). Milton doesnt understand how God can afflict him with this illness, and yet still expect him to perform his usual duties to him There is a Biblical reference within the poem to a parable in the gospel of Matthew, in which one mans talent is taken away from him, and he is left in darkness, and yet another man has five different talents Milton, as a religious man, would more than likely been aware of this story, and be worried that he had offended God in such a way that he has replayed it upon him. Ultimately, I dont think Milton is criticising God for withdrawing his sight, but is more concerned as to what he has done to deserve it, and has a worry as to how he can continue to serve God without the use of his sight. To conclude, both the poems are very emotionally and religiously charged, both asking for answers from God, and asking for some form of help. Both men seem to be in a state of religious confusion, not sure which way to turn next within their lives, nor how to regain the loyalty to God that they think they have lost. As religion is no longer as prominent in society as it was in the 16th/17th Century, the poems are not as easily related to a modern audience, and it is more difficult to understand the importance that religion had within the lives of everyday people.

Free Essays on Remember The Titans

REMEMBER THE TITANS In Boaz Yakin’s Remember the Titans, football becomes the force that is strong enough to break through the wall of prejudice. The character shown by the young men and the courage of their coach demonstrates the exceptional personality traits that were needed to tackle prejudice. In the end these individuals and a town at large realize that the color of their skin does not make them, their goals, or their lives any different from one another. Prejudice is one of the darkest chapter in American history and prejudice is also one of the darkest chapters in American sports history as well. There is only one number in all of major league baseball that is retired throughout the league. It is not Babe Ruth, Cy Young, or Joe Dimaggio. The number is 42, and it belongs to the first African-American to play Major League Baseball, Jackie Robinson. I believe that the reason this is the only number that is retired throughout the league is that breaking the color barrier in baseball was that significant of an accomplishment. Robinson was forced to endure verbal and physical abuse from teammates, fans, and the society around him on a day to day basis. Today, some of the most significant records in all of baseball are held by African-Americans. Hank Aaron holds the career record for the most home runs. Barry Bonds holds the single season record for home runs. Bob Gibson holds the single season record for earned run average. The point is, that without the efforts of Jackie Robinson, the world would have been denied the opportunity to witness the accomplishments of these exceptional athletes. In Remember the Titans, the issue of prejudice is handled by an entire town, and the battle with prejudice is fought not by grown men, but high school students. Segregation was breaking down all over the country, and high schools were becoming integrated around the country. The legendary high school head football coach wa... Free Essays on Remember The Titans Free Essays on Remember The Titans REMEMBER THE TITANS In Boaz Yakin’s Remember the Titans, football becomes the force that is strong enough to break through the wall of prejudice. The character shown by the young men and the courage of their coach demonstrates the exceptional personality traits that were needed to tackle prejudice. In the end these individuals and a town at large realize that the color of their skin does not make them, their goals, or their lives any different from one another. Prejudice is one of the darkest chapter in American history and prejudice is also one of the darkest chapters in American sports history as well. There is only one number in all of major league baseball that is retired throughout the league. It is not Babe Ruth, Cy Young, or Joe Dimaggio. The number is 42, and it belongs to the first African-American to play Major League Baseball, Jackie Robinson. I believe that the reason this is the only number that is retired throughout the league is that breaking the color barrier in baseball was that significant of an accomplishment. Robinson was forced to endure verbal and physical abuse from teammates, fans, and the society around him on a day to day basis. Today, some of the most significant records in all of baseball are held by African-Americans. Hank Aaron holds the career record for the most home runs. Barry Bonds holds the single season record for home runs. Bob Gibson holds the single season record for earned run average. The point is, that without the efforts of Jackie Robinson, the world would have been denied the opportunity to witness the accomplishments of these exceptional athletes. In Remember the Titans, the issue of prejudice is handled by an entire town, and the battle with prejudice is fought not by grown men, but high school students. Segregation was breaking down all over the country, and high schools were becoming integrated around the country. The legendary high school head football coach wa...

British Poor Law Reform in the Industrial Revolution

British Poor Law Reform in the Industrial Revolution One of the most infamous British laws of the modern age was the Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834. It was designed to deal with the rising costs of poor relief, and reform a system from the Elizabethan era unable to cope with the urbanization and industrialization of the Industrial Revolution (more on coal, iron, steam) by sending all able-bodied people in need of poor relief into workhouses where conditions were deliberately harsh. The State of Poverty Relief Before the Nineteenth Century The treatment of the poor in Britain before the major nineteenth-century laws depended on a large element of charity. The middle class paid a Parish poor rate and often saw the increasing poverty of the era merely as a financial worry. They often wanted the cheapest, or most cost-effective, way of treating the poor. There was little engagement with the causes of poverty, which ranged from illness, poor education, disease, disability, underemployment, and poor transport preventing movement to regions with more jobs, to economic changes which removed domestic industry and agricultural changes which left many without jobs. Poor harvests caused grain prices to rise, and high housing prices led to greater debt. Instead, Britain largely viewed the poor as one of two types. The ‘deserving’ poor, those who were old, handicapped, infirm or too young to work, were considered blameless as they obviously couldn’t work, and their numbers stayed more or less even across the eighteenth century. On the other hand, the able-bodied who were without work were considered ‘undeserving’ poor, thought of as lazy drunkards who could have got a job if they needed one. People simply didn’t realize at this point how the changing economy could affect workers. Poverty was also feared. Some worried about deprivation, those in charge worried about the increase in expenditure needed to deal with them, as well as a widely perceived threat of revolution and anarchy. Legal Developments Before the Nineteenth Century The great Elizabethan Poor Law Act was passed at the start of the seventeenth century. This was designed to fit the needs of the static, rural English society of the time, not that of the industrializing centuries afterward. A poor rate was levied to pay for the poor, and the parish was the unit of administration. Unpaid, local Justices of the Peace administered the relief, which was supplemented by local charity. The act was motivated by the need to secure public order. Outdoor relief – giving money or supplies to people on the street – was coupled with indoor relief, where people had to enter a ‘Workhouse’ or similar ‘correctional’ facility, where everything they did was tightly controlled. The 1662 Act of Settlement acted to cover up a loophole in the system, under which parishes were shipping sick and destitute people into other areas. Now you could only receive relief in your area of birth, marriage or long-term living. A certificate was produced, and the poor had to present this if they moved, to say where they came from, impinging on freedom of labor movement. A 1722 act made it easier to set up workhouses into which to funnel your poor, and provided an early ‘test’ to see if people should be forced in. Sixty years later more laws made it cheaper to create a workhouse, allowing parishes to team up to create one. Although the workhouses were meant for the able-bodied, at this point it was mainly the infirm that were sent to them. However, the Act of 1796 removed the 1722 workhouse act when it became clear a period of mass unemployment would fill the workhouses. The Old Poor Law The result was the absence of a real system. As everything was based on the parish, there was a huge amount of regional diversity. Some areas used mainly outdoor relief, some provided work for the poor, others used workhouses. Substantial power over the poor was given to local people, who ranged from honest and interested to dishonest and bigoted. The whole poor law system was unaccountable and unprofessional. Forms of relief could include each rate payer agreeing to support a certain number of workers – depending on their poor rate assessment - or just paying wages. The ‘rounds’ system saw laborers sent round the parish until they found work. An allowance system, where food or money was given out to people on a sliding scale according to family size, was used in some areas, but this was believed to encourage idleness and poor fiscal policy among the (potentially) poor. The Speenhamland System was created in 1795 in Berkshire. A stop-gap system to stave off mass destitution, it was created by the magistrates of Speen and quickly adopted around England. Their motivation was a set of crises which occurred in the 1790s: rising population, enclosure, wartime prices, bad harvests, and fear of a British French Revolution. The results of these systems were that farmers kept wages down as the parish would make up the shortfall, effectively giving employers relief as well as the poor. While many were saved from starvation, others were degraded by doing their work but still needing poor relief to make their earnings economically viable. The Push to Reform Poverty was far from a new problem when steps were taken to reform the poor law in the nineteenth century, but the industrial revolution had changed the way poverty was viewed, and the impact it had. The rapid growth of dense urban areas with their problems of public health, housing, crime, and poverty was clearly not suited to the old system. One pressure to reform the poor relief system came from the rising cost of the poor rate which rapidly increased. Poor-rate payers began to see poor relief as a financial problem, not fully understanding the effects of war, and poor relief grew to 2% of the Gross National Income. This difficulty was not spread evenly over England, and the depressed south, near London, was hit hardest. In addition, influential people were beginning to see the poor law as out of date, wasteful, and a threat to both the economy and the free movement of labor, as well as encouraging large families, idleness, and drinking. The Swing Riots of 1830 further encouraged demands for new, harsher, measures on the poor. The Poor Law Report of 1834 Parliamentary commissions in 1817 and 1824 had criticized the old system  but offered no alternatives. In 1834 this changed with the creation of the Royal Commission of Edwin Chadwick and Nassau Senior, men who wanted to reform the poor law on a utilitarian basis. Critical of amateur organization and desirous for greater uniformity, they aimed for the ‘greatest happiness for the greatest number.’ The resulting Poor Law Report of 1834 had is widely regarded as a classic text in social history. The commission sent out questionnaires to over 15,000 parishes and only heard back from around 10%. Then they send assistant commissioners to roughly a third of all poor law authorities. They were not seeking to end the causes of poverty – it was considered inevitable, and necessary for cheap labor – but to change how the poor was treated. The result was an attack on the old poor law, saying it was costly, badly run, out of date, too regionalized and encouraged indolence and vice. The suggested alternative was the strict implementation of Bentham’s pain-pleasure principle: the destitute would have to balance the pain of the workhouse against getting a job. Relief would be given for the able-bodied only in the workhouse, and abolished outside it, while the state of the workhouse should be lower than that of the poorest, but still employed, laborer. This was ‘less eligibility’. The 1834 Poor Law Amendment Act A direct response to the 1834 report, the PLAA created a new central body to oversee poor law, with Chadwick as secretary. They sent out assistant commissioners to oversee the creation of workhouses and the implementation of the act. Parishes were grouped into unions for better administration – 13,427 parishes into 573 unions – and each had a board of guardians elected by ratepayers. Less eligibility was accepted as a key idea, but outdoor relief for the able-bodied wasn’t abolished after political opposition. New workhouses were built for them, at the expense of the parishes, and a paid matron and master would be in charge of the difficult balance of keeping workhouse life lower than paid labor, but still humane. As the able-bodied could often get outdoor relief, the workhouses filled with the sick and old. It took until 1868 for the entire country to be unionized, but the boards worked hard to provide efficient and occasionally humane services, despite sometimes difficult agglomerations of parishes. Salaried officials replaced volunteers, providing a major development in local government services and the collection of other information for policy changes (e.g. Chadwick’s use of the poor law health officers to reform public health legislation). Education of poor children was begun inside. There was opposition, such as the politician who referred to it as the â€Å"starvation and infanticide act†, and several locations saw violence. However, opposition gradually declined as the economy improved, and after the system became more flexible when Chadwick was removed from power in 1841. Workhouses tended to swing from nearly empty to full depending on the bouts of periodic unemployment, and the conditions depended on the generosity of the staff working there. The events in Andover, which caused a scandal for the poor treatment, were unusual rather than typical, but a select committee was created in 1846 which created a new Poor Law Board with a president who sat in parliament. Criticism of the Act The evidence of the commissioners has been called into question. The poor rate was not necessarily higher in areas making large-scale use of the Speenhamland system and their judgments on what caused poverty were wrong. The idea that high birth rates were connected to allowance systems is now also largely rejected. Poor rate expenditure was already falling by 1818, and the Speenhamland system was able to mostly disappear by 1834, but this was ignored. The nature of unemployment in industrial areas, created by the cyclical employment cycle, was also misidentified. There was criticism at the time, from campaigners who highlighted the inhumanity of the workhouses, to Justices of the Peace upset they had lost power, to radicals concerned with civil liberties. But the act was the first national, monitored central government program for poor relief. Outcome The basic demands of the act weren’t being properly implemented by the 1840s, and in the 1860s the unemployment caused by the American Civil War and the collapse of cotton supplies led to outdoor relief returning. People began to look at the causes of poverty, rather than simply reacting to ideas of unemployment and allowance systems. Ultimately, while the costs of poor relief initially fell, much of this was due to the return of peace in Europe, and the rate rose again as the population rose.

Compare and contrast two different type of suras in the Qur'an Research Paper

Compare and contrast two different type of suras in the Qur'an - Research Paper Example These verses also instilled hope in the believers, as for them Allah repeatedly promised Paradise, the eternal abode of bliss. (Denffer) The Madinite Surahs on the other hand were focused on educating the believers in laws, duties and injunctions upon them, once an Islamic State at Madina was formed. These verses taught the appropriate way of living and how matters should be resolved. They also warned the believers of the hypocrites living within them in the society who were conspiring against Islam and the believers. (Denffer) The Surah starts with the first verse revealed to the Prophet (P.B.U.H), which was: to read in the name of The Creator. The Surah first acknowledges that there is a Creator of the universe and that same Creator has made mankind out of congealed blood. He is the Generous, the Knowledgeable, who imparts knowledge to mankind as He pleases. Recognizing Allah as the sole Creator is the first and foremost part of the Islamic faith. The Surah further builds upon the fundamental beliefs of the Muslims by mentioning that each soul shall return to Allah and the Angels are at His command, which will bring about destruction and calamity if ordered by Allah. Hence we see three articles of Islamic faith mentioned in this short Surah: the Oneness of Allah, the Angels and Resurrection. The verse further enjoins to prostrate in front of Allah and no other being, for He alone is the one Who can protect mankind. This prostration was later made a formal way of worship called the Salah. (Ali) This Surah explains that a Final Hour that will come which will end life on this world and on that Day the dead will be resurrected and will account for their deeds. It further describes what the Striking Hour is and when it will come. The devastation created on that day is metaphorically explained by mankind being scattered as moths and mountains flying in air like discarded wool. This predicts the mayhem and destruction marked

Internet Law - ODR or Litigation (the detailed question is below) Essay

Internet Law - ODR or Litigation (the detailed question is below) - Essay Example The essay discusses the advantages and disadvantages of ODR and explains why it is the most preferable method in the modern world. The essay also discusses the efforts put in place in the EU to increase the effectiveness of ODR, for example, the Regulation on Consumer ODR and the EC Directive on Consumer ADR of 2013. In addition, the essay considers the Brussels I Regulation is explaining why ODR is the best method of dispute resolution. The advanced communication and information technologies have enabled resolution of disputes through videoconferencing, email, or both. ODR can be used to resolve disputes that arises from the e-commerce transactions or other disputes that are not related to the internet. Online Dispute Resolution has provided an alternative to the traditional legal ways of solving cases that involve a judge who decides the cases at the court. The conflicting parties can, as well meet in person and negotiate their disputes and at the same time, combine with online-based resolutions to enter into agreements.1 Such combinations of â€Å"online† and â€Å"offline† interactions are also considered to be part of Online Dispute Resolution. There are increasing numbers of organisations that provide Online Dispute Resolution services around the world. These organizations are growing the modern trend of easing the courts with voluminous cases by providing a simpler and low-cost platform for peop le to resolve their cases.2 Online Dispute Resolution takes different forms, which may include mediation, arbitration and negotiation. Mediation involves resolution of disputes between two conflicting parties using a mediator. The parties present their arguments, issues and evidence to the mediator who a neutral third party in the private and voluntary process. Mediation can be done exclusively via email and/or videoconferencing, or by physically meeting in one room. In some

Legalization of Prostitution Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Legalization of Prostitution - Research Paper Example According to these two definitions, it clear that financial gain is the result of offering or providing sex. A prostitute, therefore, is a person who offers or provides sex in exchange for financial gain. History of prostitution Prostitution is considered one of the world’s oldest professions going back to ancient times and civilizations. It traces its origins back to the Sumerians of Mesopotamia and their religious practices. This is from the practice that involved the king having sexual relations with the high priestess in order to secure the fertility of the earth in the process that brings people into being (Fanni, 2012, para. 2). The practice has continued over time and even has an account in the bible, in the book of Genesis. In ancient Greece, women were bought as slaves and taken to sex schools to learn how to provide revenue by selling sex (Fanni, 2012, para. 10). With these beginnings, it has been in existence with every civilization including slavery in Africa where kings owned women as slaves and sheltered them. To sustain themselves, they were expected to offer themselves sexually to men to receive gifts. In addition, .in Greek civilization, prostitutes went as far as to gain elite social status as a result of education and skill in their trade. Prostitution became a practice put into question with the rise of the Catholic Church in Europe, and its regard that all sexual practices outside marriage were sinful. As a result of the spread of Catholicism, prostitution became an offense that one could be prosecuted and punished for. Legalization of prostitution Prostitution in most parts of the world is an illegal practice and punishable by law. Legislative measures have been put in place to curb the vice that is practiced widely all over the world. In my opinion, prostitution has two sides to it, as to why it should, and should not be legalized. These points are highly controversial and of attract a lot of public attention, debate and opinion. E conomic activities Prostitution should be legalized as it benefits the women involved in the trade as well as the countries involved. In regard to this, prostitution is taken as an economic development project that can generate revenue to be used in the countries. The key idea in this development is to work towards sustainable prostitution under the notion that sex is a human need and that sexual needs must be met. Therefore, as a way to cater for the sexual needs of the human populations, there is a need to influence prostitution, which is here to stay, into a beneficial venture with more responsibility and accountability. Legalization of prostitution; and its use as an economic venture can be engaged by poor and marginalized women so as to earn a living (Raymond 2004, p. 1162). The results of the above argument have already manifested themselves in Australia. In Australia, where prostitution is legal, revenue collected in a span of one week is up to 7 million dollars. These revenu es are only from the state of Victoria, and only 60,000 men take part in the practice (Raymond 2004, p. 1162). If the revenue from then entire country were calculated, it would mean that it is a profitable venture. In addition, it is providing more employment opportunities to those with additional training on how to deal with persons with disabilities. For example, in Australia, some of those who are actively

The Arab-Israeli Conflict and its Correlation to Cold War Tensions Term Paper - 1

The Arab-Israeli Conflict and its Correlation to Cold War Tensions - Term Paper Example nger held the status of power, and U.S and Soviet Union were regarded as the two superpowers thus fueling the Cold War tensions that would dominate the coming decades. Rothwell (2001) claims that the end of Second World War led to the collapse of League of Nations and subsequent formation of the United Nations that oversaw the creation of State of Israel in 1948 thus fueling the Arab-Israel conflict. From the Soviet Union perspective, the large Germany population in the Eastern Europe countries was a potential threat to another war and Western allies were determined to secure a lasting peace in Poland and neighboring countries through the expulsion of the Germans (Peitsch, Burdett & Gorrara, 2006). Accordingly, Soviet Union wanted to exert its influence on the satellite states and ultimately entrench communism ideals and punish German for the collective atrocities and brutalities during the War (Uris, (2011). The Arab-Israel conflict has similarities with World War 2 and Cold War since all the wars entailed expansionist doctrines since Germany desired to expand their territories while Israel expanded its territory during the war (Rieber, 2000). The Arab-Israel War led to expulsion of thousands of Palestinians from their land in order to create a homogenous Jewish society and expand the territory in order to create military defense lines. The Cold War period was dominated by development of nuclear arsenal, proxy wars, propaganda, technological competitions and psychological warfare since the US and its allies wanted to contain the powerful Eastern bloc countries and challenge the Soviet Union. The destruction of Versailles settlement and growth of Germany hegemony over Eastern Europe led to fundamental changes in the ethnic composition of the population in neighboring countries and ultimately triggered German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941. Snyder (2013) asserts that the initial expulsion entailed evacuation of Germans due to advancing Red Army in mid 1944

Advantages of open source software Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Advantages of open source software - Essay Example Today open source software has become critical for almost every organization.Almost everything requires open source software,be it telecommunication systems,inventory, accounting,personal productivity applications,contact management and operating systems amongst others.As far as the democracy peace and economy is concerned open software provides access to better technology to even those who cannot afford them. Since, technology is crucial to the economy in terms of the cost it saves by increasing the end productivity; the better access to technology has increased the productivity and thus the GDP of the entire world. Even cheaper technology is the success of most of the developing countries. The growth of the developing countries has provided better returns for the companies across the globe in-turn because they now have been able to easily get some part of their business outsourced to these destinations and decrease costs. This has lead to employing further more people and improving the technology further helping people across the world.The source code should be available with the software and distribution in terms of the compiled form should also be available. There should be a well publicized form of distributing the software just like distributing on the internet when the product is not distributed with the source code.There should be permission by the license for the distribution of software which is made from modified source code. The license needs to have derived works for having a distinct name or version number. 5. No Discrimination against Persons or Groups The license must not discriminate against any person or group of persons. It should be accessible to whoever wants. 6. No Discrimination against Fields of Endeavor The license must not restrict anyone from making use of the program in a specific field of endeavor. For example, it may not restrict the program from being used in a profit generation entity, or from being used for genetic research. 7. Distribution of License The rights attached to the program must apply to all to whom the program is redistributed without the need for execution of an additional license by those parties. 8. License Must Not Be Specific to a Product The rights attached to the program must not depend on the program's being part of a particular software distribution. If the program is extracted from that distribution and used or distributed within the terms of the program's license, all parties to whom the program is redistributed should have the same rights as those that are granted in conjunction with the original software distribution. 9. License Must Not Restrict Other Software The license must not place restrictions on other software that is distributed along with the licensed software. For example, the license must not insist that all other programs distributed on the same medium must be open-source software. 10. License Must Be Technology-Neutral No provision of the license may be predicated on any individual technology or style of interface. Following are the examples of open source software2: Linux (http://www.linux.org/): Originating from UNIX system and basically an operating system and kernel.

The Arab-Israeli Conflict and its Correlation to Cold War Tensions Term Paper - 1

The Arab-Israeli Conflict and its Correlation to Cold War Tensions - Term Paper Example nger held the status of power, and U.S and Soviet Union were regarded as the two superpowers thus fueling the Cold War tensions that would dominate the coming decades. Rothwell (2001) claims that the end of Second World War led to the collapse of League of Nations and subsequent formation of the United Nations that oversaw the creation of State of Israel in 1948 thus fueling the Arab-Israel conflict. From the Soviet Union perspective, the large Germany population in the Eastern Europe countries was a potential threat to another war and Western allies were determined to secure a lasting peace in Poland and neighboring countries through the expulsion of the Germans (Peitsch, Burdett & Gorrara, 2006). Accordingly, Soviet Union wanted to exert its influence on the satellite states and ultimately entrench communism ideals and punish German for the collective atrocities and brutalities during the War (Uris, (2011). The Arab-Israel conflict has similarities with World War 2 and Cold War since all the wars entailed expansionist doctrines since Germany desired to expand their territories while Israel expanded its territory during the war (Rieber, 2000). The Arab-Israel War led to expulsion of thousands of Palestinians from their land in order to create a homogenous Jewish society and expand the territory in order to create military defense lines. The Cold War period was dominated by development of nuclear arsenal, proxy wars, propaganda, technological competitions and psychological warfare since the US and its allies wanted to contain the powerful Eastern bloc countries and challenge the Soviet Union. The destruction of Versailles settlement and growth of Germany hegemony over Eastern Europe led to fundamental changes in the ethnic composition of the population in neighboring countries and ultimately triggered German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941. Snyder (2013) asserts that the initial expulsion entailed evacuation of Germans due to advancing Red Army in mid 1944

Management and Organisation individual report Essay - 2

Management and Organisation individual report - Essay Example These two are derived from the set textbook by Mullins, Essentials of organisational behavior, 3rd Edition. Further, competitive advantage will also be explicated with inputs of strategy and structure on the management process, and lastly, a conclusion will be drawn as the researcher’s overall perception regarding the nature of management and the integration of strategy and structure. Management is the method consists of modelling and supporting of a particular ambience wherein entities are effectively working together in one purpose (Koontz & Weihrich, 2008, p. 5). The management of activities is usually held by a manager or a supervisor to ensure the effectiveness of operations. The management of it is integrated with strategies, following the organisational structure of the organisation. As defined by James Brian Quinn (1980, p. 3), strategy is the model that incorporates an entity’s principal aims, policies, and series of operations into a coherent entirety (quoted in John & Gilles, 1997, p.176). Strategy is usually long term in nature as compared to tactics that are also formulated to achieve a specific goal but in a short period of time. Organisational structure pertains to the formal flow of organisational knowledge, precise sectioning of various business operations, and the model of frameworks to assure the effectiveness and efficiency of business activities across different units (Daft, 2010, p. 90). This includes precise organisational levels, concise departments, and optimum system to achieve the highest degree of efficiency towards job performance. The disposition of management is derived from the notion that what it is inculcated in the minds of the managers that are required to be understood (Stewart, 1984, p. 324). In specific terms, the nature of management can be depicted as the things that managers should do in order to create an effective strategy. Another notion in understanding the disposition of management depicts the certain

Accredited & Deluxe Hotels for Tourism Essay Example for Free

Accredited Deluxe Hotels for Tourism Essay 1. Century Park Hotel 599 Pablo Ocampo Str. Manila 1004Â  2. Crowne Plaza Manila Galleria Ortigas Avenue, Corner Asian Dev., Bank Avenue, Quezon City 3. Diamond Hotel Phillippines Roxas Boulevard cor. Dr. J. Quintos St., Manila, Philippines 1000 4. Dusit Hotel Nikko Ayala Center Makati City Metro Manila, Makati, 1223, Philippines 5. EDSA Shangri- La Hotel 1 Garden Way Ortigas Center, Mandaluyong City, Manila 1650 6. Holiday Inn galleria Manila 1 Asia Development Bank Avenue, Ortigas Center, Pasig City, 7. Hotel Intercontinental Manila 1 Ayala Avenue, Makati, Luzon 1226, Philippines 8. Hyatt Hotel and Casino Manila 1588 Pedro Gil Corner MH Del Pilar, Malate, Manila 1004 9. Makati Shangri- La Manila Ayala Avenue corner Makati Avenue, Makati City 1200 10. Mandarin Oriental Manila Makati Ave, Makati City 1226 11. Pan Pacific Hotel Gen M Malvar, Manila 1004Â  12. Renaissance Makati City hotel Esperanza Street corner Makati Avenue, Ayala Center, Makati City 1228, Philippines, Manila 13. Sofitel Phillipine Plaza Manila Ccp Complex Roxas Boulevard, Pasay Manila 1099 14. The Bellevue Manila North Bridgeway, Filinvest Corporate City, Alabang, Muntinlupa City, Philippines 1781 15. The Manila Hotel One Rizal Park 0913 Manila Po Box 307 Philippines 16. Heritage Hotel Manila Roxas Boulevard corner Edsa Pasay City 1300 17. The Peninsula Manila Ayala Museum, Makati Ave, 1226 See more:Â  First Poem for You Essay 18. Vivere Suites 5102 Bridgeway Avenue corner ASEAN Drive, Filinvest Corporate City, Muntinlupa City 1781 Accredited First Class Hotels in the Philippines 1. CSB International Conference Center Arellano cor Estrada Sts | Malate, Manila, Luzon 1004, Philippines 2. Discovery Suites Ortigas Center, Pasig City 1600 Philippines 3. Great Eastern Hotel 7842 Makati Avenue, 1200 Manila 4. Manila Pavilion hotel United Nations Avenue, Corner Ma. Orosa Str Manila 1000 , Philippines 5. The Linden Suites Hotel 37 San Miguel Avenue, Ortigas Centre Pasig City 1600 6. The Pearl Manila Hotel General Luna Str., Corner Taft United Nations Avenue, Ermita, Manila, Luzon 1000, 7. The richmonde Hotel 21 San Miguel Avenue Pasig City‎ 8. Traders hotel Manila 3001 Roxas Boulevard, Pasay, Manila, 1305 Philippines Accredited Standard Hotels in the Phillipines 1. Aloha Hotel 2150 Roxas Boulevard, Cor. Quirino Ave.,Malate Manila, 1004 Philippines. 2. Bayview Park Hotel 1118 Roxas Boulevard Cor., United Nations Avenue, 1000 Manila 3. Best Western hotel La Corona 1166 M. H. Del Pilar St. cor. Arquiza St. Ermita, Manila, Philippines 4. Camelot Hotel 5. CEO Suites 6. Cherry Blossoms Hotel – 7. City Garden Suites – 8. Citystate Towe Hotel – 9. Garden Plaza Hotel – 10. Hotel Las Palmas –

Procurement Strategy in the Pharmaceutical Industry

Procurement Strategy in the Pharmaceutical Industry Procurement is an important function to ensure meets its organizational goals. While Procurement is a support function for the organization, it is nevertheless a core function and critical to enhancing programme/project delivery. Procurement is a part of the process of achieving development project outcomes. Therefore all procurement activities are framed in the context of programmes and projects. So the Procurement is a managerial discipline in this function need to acquire and enhance certain managerial skills, tools, and including procurement risk management, procurement strategies development and procurement planning. Therefore the main benefits approach of procurement risk assessment, procurement strategies development and procurement planning serve as a bridge to cover the gap between programme and operations. They are also critical to programme delivery. Benefits of this approach include Best value for money, timely procurement; avoid unnecessary and unjustifiable emergencies, better allocation of existing resources, sufficient time to fully explore alternative procurement approaches, possibility to aggregate demand. So in Procurement successful criteria is that Joint Planning between programme and procurement in the early stages, Good flow of communication, understanding of the procurement requirements, understanding of the market and associated risks, live process with structured revisions and feedback mechanisms. In perception of researcher the procurement planning programme is very essential for fulfilment requirement of production demand and achieving goals for marketing and save the risk and shortage of availability of quality products production and marketing respectively. So the procurement development should be improving gradually with the strategies. Construct Definition Procurement: responsible for acquiring the goods and services necessary for the company. Sometimes organized as: Procurement is the acquisition of goods and/or services at the best possible total cost of ownership, in the right quality and quantity, at the right time, in the right place and from the right source for the direct benefit or use of corporations, individuals, or even governments, generally via a contract, or it can be the same way selection for human resource. Simple procurement may involve nothing more than repeat purchasing. Complex procurement could involve finding long term partners or even co-destiny suppliers that might fundamentally commit one organization to another. Procurement can refer to buying, outsourcing, etc of any resources. (www.wikipedia.com) Procurement Strategy: determines the company needs and plans for acquiring the necessary raw materials and services for the company. Procurement strategy is a identification of need, defining of specification, defining contractual terms, sourcing the market, supplier appraisal, inviting quotes/tenders, analysing quotes/tenders, Negotiation where applicable, contract award/order placement, receive, evaluation of suppler, review of supplier performance, payment , vender rating two way feedback . (www.brentwood.com) Background Information In any organization, procurement strategies playing a vital role. Without procurement not only fulfils the requirement but also stop the production plan of any organization. So, the procurement structure is very important in any organization. So we study the pharmaceutical industry and its procedure of procurement. Different companies have different mode of procurement procedures. In this procurement procedure, the pharmaceutical companies receive the services or goods in raw shapes through supply chain system like import and local procurement system. Researcher is a Senior Procurement Officer in Star Laboratories (PVT) LTD. Lahore which is handling all Local Raw Materials, Packing Materials, Miscellaneous Items and any other special assignment of high management. Therefore we discuss the little introduction of Star Laboratories (PVT.) LTD. Star Laboratories was registered in Lahore in 1960 as a partnership concern being a very small unit. Star Laboratories (Pvt.) Ltd. having a very large unit with a covered area of 86061 stf having an authorized capital of Rs.30 million and paid up capital of Rs.20 million. Star Labs growth has been unprecedented. 1978 a Milestone when Star Labs was incorporated as a limited company emerged in the national streamline of growing pharmaceutical industry of the country and this achievement is still maintained in improving quality stability and reliability of veterinary and human products. Stars greatest asset is its human resource with present strength of more than 700 employees. Star believes that they have achieved this landmark with the loyalty honesty and hard work of their human resource. A new era started in 1970 when Star started and multiplying their veterinary products by a margin to multinational with the aim and target to provide our 80% population of rural area the veterinary products for livestock development at a low and reasonable price for the prosperity and ease of our poor country competing the multinational. Star is the market leader in Veterinary medicines producing almost complete range of veterinary products. A break through came in 1995 when Star was shifted to the new modem well equipped pharmaceutical plant at 23-Km, Multan road, Lahore with a refreshing aim of serving nationally and acting globally. Professionals from the field of pharmacy business administration carry out manufacturing at Star in accordance with the rule of Good Manufacturing Practices (CGMP) following international standards of quality management systems. From incoming raw and packing material, to in-process control till the finished goods, Quality Control Department intervenes at every stage to check the standard and the methodology of manufacturing. Stars reputation over a reasonable span of 44 years has opened new horizons for its veterinary products in global connection for exports to Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Sri Lanka, Nigeria, Sudan, U.A.E, Ethiopia, Lebanon, Kenya, Yemen, Mauritius, Mauritania, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Guyana and Somalia. Research Question or Problem Statement or Objectives Research Questions RQ1: How to decrease the issues, cost and save wastage of time of procurement structure? RQ2: How to improve in time delivery of quality Product and remove barriers structure and to develop standard by procurement strategies? RQ3: How to reduce the supply chain problems and enhancing the Source of suppliers for acquiring quality product with standard? Research Objectives To enhance the quality production of product, reduce the cost and improves the structure of procurement with strategic mode continuously. To mitigate shortage of quality goods or services and rejection. To compare past and present procedure and findings of other companies rule and development of procurement strategies. Scope and Limitations of Study Proposed study will be conducted in Star Laboratories (Pvt) Ltd with population of 700 employees a sample 120 employee for sales and marketing sector will be chooseed on the basis of convenient sampling. There could be following limitation of the study that can be observed during interviews and questionnaires sessions. Data will be collected only from procurement department and Production. Researcher role in Star Laboratories may subject to limitation. No body can receive the data form import department due to some limitations. Respondents are from procurement department because every body spend of their time in their work and may not give the information about work. In procurement department very difficult to manage rejected products cause wastage of time and delay in production. Researcher biasness is of most important nature for researcher the respondents State of mind equally important When researcher receives the data from many respondents may be not educated so that cause of difficulties If we receive the information from the procurement department the limitations imposed by account department so that information con not received. Chapter 2 Review of Related Literature Procurement is the process of acquiring goods, works and services covering both acquisitions from third parties and from in-house providers. The process spans the whole cycle from identification of needs, through to the end of a services contract or the end of the useful life of the asset. It involves options appraisal and the critical make or buy decision. This strategy provides the framework for the management of procurement activity within the Council to ensure it is taken forward in the most cost effective and efficient manner to deliver value for money. (www.harrogateboroughcouncil.com) Sustainable procurement is the process of integrating these environmental, social, and economic factors into purchasing decisions. This Strategy provides a blueprint to implement sustainable procurement at the City of Portland and Multnomah County. It will move local government beyond the current state of ad hoc, often contradictory, inconsistently applied policies. It will move local government toward purchasing decisions that promote the long-term interests of the community. (www.portlandonline.com) Procurement Strategies is the important in every organization because without purchasing goods respondents can not run the production. So, the Procurement procedure is playing an important role in the industry. In this function, managerial discipline is that need to acquire goods or services, enhance managerial skills, knowledge about procurement and tools. The process of procurement is that firstly requisition prepares on demand of the Stores, Productions and quality control department. After the requisition receiving the procurement department take quotation from the specific suppliers on demand but specific work caring on order making and inventory system. So the major function of procurement department making the planning, programming and developing the procedure by strategic manners. The aim of this theoretical study is to create a general framework for procurement strategy formulation and, in particular, present how to create and implement a procurement strategy. The framework suggested in this study will result from a study of various approaches discussed in the literature. The traditional perspective, as presented in the competitive strategy literature, finds the buyer-supplier relationship in terms of both parties competing with each other. The new approaches such as JIT, partnership sourcing and lean purchasing present quite a different perspective in terms of partnership. The central theme of this study is that, to be successful, the procurement management should use both approach. (Veli-Matti Virolainen, July 1999) As companies attempt to shed old habits and begin to view procurement as a strategic resource from which a competitive advantage can be gained, there is a great deal of corporate baggage that must be shed. More importantly, there is a new mindset that must be instilled both in procurement and across the firm. Strategic supply symbolizes the importance of enterprise wide thinking where functional units inside the firm and key suppliers from the firms supply chain all work in concert to bring value to the marketplace. This paper presents data from the US and the UK that helps us better understand and address issues that are key to managing across independent supply chain partners. We also address some of the barriers to implementing such a supply strategy. These barriers exist inside the firm as well as between the firms at its key suppliers. Whilst we acknowledge that progress is being made, however the data suggest that the journey is far from over. (Paul D Cousinsa and Robert Spekma nb, January 2003) As more evidence indicates that a corporation is very much defined by its purchases and benefited by its close partnership with the suppliers, the sourcing decision becomes increasingly important in the firms growth and profit. This paper synthesizes the available sourcing alternatives into four categories, namely multiple sourcing, single sourcing, single/dual hybrid or network sourcing, and global sourcing, and provides a comprehensive review of these purchasing methods based on extensive literature. Besides the discussion of the pros and cons, the paper focuses on the underlying factors that determine the preference and suitability of each sourcing option. In addition, with the note that numerous companies are switching to do business on a global basis, we attempt to use China as an example to examine global sourcing from the standpoints of both buyer and supplier. (Amy Zhaohui Zeng, 2000) Global procurement is not a simple or easy solution to a companys sourcing needs. With new markets and changing competitors challenging established business, global sourcing is now offering an opportunity for organizations to meet these challenges on a global basis. Discusses the varied interpretations and significance of global sourcing as an ingredient of success, emphasizing the link between world-class production/quality, marketing and procurement. From these discussions and empirical evidence, provides a matrix of management choices to facilitate the selection of worldwide sourcing strategies most appropriate to corporate goals. (Shan Rajagopal, Kenneth N. Bernard, 1994) Industrial procurement is arguably that part of strategy which should have a customer focus. The recent attention to such strategies in a variety of commercial and government contexts, has grown much faster than detailed understanding of how sourcing decisions are made and their implications for organisations. This paper provides an overview of empirical research into sourcing decisions made in organisations. (Michael Quayle, May 2000) Chapter 3 Methods and Procedures Research Methodology Researcher receives previous data which contains on Quantitative research and Qualitative. In my opinion which receive current data Quantitative (Survey based), Qualitative (Interviews), to explore the procurement strategies in selected Star Laboratories (Pvt.) Ltd The researcher will conduct the proposed study using a questionnaire for collection of a primary data. The secondary data will be collected from research articles, different web sites etc. Current Quantitative Research Survey Instrument Copy of the survey instrument is attached (see appendix). Sampling Techniques A non probability convenience sampling technique will be used for selection of the sample from the target population of Star Laboratories (Pvt.) Ltd Sample Size Respondent of my study will be about 120 Respondents. This study of procurement strategies based on managers, officers, production pharmacists, store incharges, marketing sales officers who are working in the Star Laboratories (Pvt.) Ltd. Data Collection Procurement strategies data will be collected through interview survey, telephonic conversation and the questionnaire. This data will be distributed by the researcher himself. Data will be collected from different people who based on procurement strategies and the respondents will be contacted personally. The respondents will work at different departments and convenience sampling method will be used in this study of procurement strategies. Chapter 4 Data Analysis and Representation Data Analysis Data will be analysed by using Microsoft Excel to apply specific formulas and find mean, standard deviation, variance etc. Chapter 5 Findings, Conclusions and Recommendations Details of findings recommendations and conclusions will be explained in this chapter. References (Availableunderhttp://wbro.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/13/2/249), page accessed February 18, 2010 (www.harrogateboroughcouncil.com), Procurement Strategy, Delivery of fast glass public services, 2009 2012 March/April 2009. (www.portlandonline.com), Document Prepared by the Sustainable Procurement Steering Committee March 20, 2002 (www.saworks.com), Procurement definitions: www.saworks.sa.gov.au/LinkClick.aspx page accessed February 8, 2010 Amy Zhaohui Zeng, A synthetic study of sourcing strategies, Industrial Management Data Systems, MCB UP Ltd, Year: 2000 Volume: 100 Page: 219 226 Gadde, L.-E., Hakansson, H. (1994), The changing role of purchasing: reconsidering three strategic issues, European Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management, Vol. 1 No.1, pp.27-35 Leenders, M. (1998), The problem with purchasing savings, Proceedings of 2nd Worldwide Symposium, London, pp.343. Lian, P.C.S., Laing, A.W. (2004), Public sector purchasing of health services: a comparison with private sector purchasing, Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management, Vol. 10 No.6, pp.247-56. Michael Quayle, A School of Business, Management and Technology, Procurement; Sourcing; Decisions, University College Suffolk (Ipswich) Rope Walk Ipswich, IP4 1LT UK, May 2000 Moran, J., Avergun, A. (1997), Creating lasting change, The TQM Magazine, Vol. 9 No.2, pp.146-51. Murray, J. (1999), Local government demands more from purchasing, European Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management, Vol. 5 No.1, pp.33-42. Paul D Cousinsa, Robert Spekmanb, B Darden Graduate Business School, University of Virginia, Strategic supply; Relationship management; Value; Performance measurement, Volume 9, January 2003, Pages 19-29 Shan Rajagopal, Kenneth N. Bernard, Global Procurement: Motivations and Strategy ,Marketing Intelligence Planning, MCB UP Ltd, Year: 1994 Volume: 12 Page: 4 17 Veli-Matti Virolainen, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Purchasing; Procurement; Procurement strategies; Buyer-supplier relationship, Volumes 56-57, 20 July 1999, Pages 677-688 www.Wiipedia.com. Procurement definition: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procurement, page accessed February 8, 2010 www.wiktionary.com Procurement definition: en. wiktionary.org/wiki/Procurement, page accessed February 8, 2010

Racism in William Shakespeare’s Othello Essay -- GCSE Coursework Shake

Racism in William Shakespeare’s Othello    In William Shakespeare’s tragic play Othello racism is featured throughout, not only by Iago in his despicable animalistic remarks about Othello’s marriage, but also by other characters. Let us in this essay analyze the racial references and their degrees of implicit racism. Racism persists from the opening scene till the closing scene in this play. In â€Å"Historical Differences: Misogyny and Othello† Valerie Wayne comments on the racism inherent in the final act of the drama: When Othello finally kills himself and says he is killing the ‘turbaned Turk’ who ‘beat a Venetian and traduced the state’ (V, ii, 349-50), he is killing the monster he became through Iago’s mental poison, but he is also killing the only ethnic and racial other of the play. To be more precise, he is killing that self who is the other, the Turk or the Moor, as an act of Venetian patriotism. Just as one woman was praised by Iago for becoming a ‘wight’ through restricting her behavior to the requirements of men, so Othello becomes white – both virtuous and Venetian – through annihilating his alien self. (168) Could any lesser playwright have presented a black man as the hero of a tragedy? Mary Ann Frese Witt in â€Å"Black and White Symbols in Othello† would answer this question negatively: It was then something of a feat for Shakespeare, and a testimony to his genius, to present a black man as the hero of a tragedy. Playing upon his audience’s preconceptions, Shakespeare makes an original, rich use of black and white symbolism throughout the play. It is the black man who is inwardly pure, and it is a seemingly honest white man (and a soldier, a type usually portrayed as genuinely honest) who is inwardly e... ...espeare. Princeton University. 1996. http://www.eiu.edu/~multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos. Wayne, Valerie. â€Å"Historical Differences: Misogyny and Othello.† The Matter of Difference: Materialist Feminist Criticism of Shakespeare. Ed Valerie Wayne. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991. Witt, Mary Ann Frese, et al., eds. â€Å"Black and White Symbols in Othello.† The Humanities: Cultural Roots and Continuities. Vol.1. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath, 1985. Rpt. in Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Wright, Louis B. and Virginia A. LaMar. â€Å"The Engaging Qualities of Othello.† Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Introduction to The Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice by William Shakespeare. N. p.: Simon and Schuster, Inc., 1957.   

Extended Essay

Assessment of the causes of the Kengir uprising in the Steplag complex in the year of 1954 By Saidkhon Turaev An Extended Essay Submitted as a Candidate for the International Baccaureate Diploma Subject: History Supervisor: Mr. Alex Ross Tashkent International School IBO World School 3076 Session: May 2011 October 5, 2010 Word Count: 3,831 Saidkhon Turaev 003076 – 017 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ii INTRODUCTION 1 FIRST REASON: DEATH OF STALIN 3 SECOND REASON: REGIME OF THE CAMP 5 THIRD REASON: UKRAINIAN LEADERSHIP 7 FOURTH REASON: INTRO OF THE LARGE GROUP OF CRIMINALS 9 CONCLUSION 10 APPENDIX 1 WORK CITED 12 [i] Saidkhon Turaev 003076 – 017 Tashkent International School: IBO World School 3076 Tashkent Uzbekistan Author: Title: Supervisor: Session: Turaev, Saidkhon (003076-017) Assessment of the causes of the Kengir uprising in the Steplag complex in the year of 1954 Mr. Alex Ross May 2011 Abstract While studying the Soviet history, very few people learn about the uprisin gs that had happened in Gulags after Stalin? s death. One of the key gulag uprisings which happened in 1954 was the Kengir uprising which took place in Steplag camp located in Jezkazgan region in Kazakhstan.Unlike any other gulag uprisings the Kengir uprising marked the end of the Soviet gulags. However in the modern day world, very little is known about this uprising and about the factors which have caused it. General agreement seems to be around the several ideas like: the death of Stalin, the regime of the camp, the Ukrainian leadership and the introduction of the group of criminals into the camps. So therefore it is important for a historian to assess all these factors and determine which of them caused the Kengir uprising.It was very hard to find any sufficient primary sources to this event, due to the fact that the most Gulag archives are still classified. So therefore the research was focused on circumstantial evidence. The investigation includes works of Alexander Solzhenits yn â€Å"The Gulag Archipelago† and many secondary sources, written by the western historians. Although Solzhenitsyn wasn? t there when the uprising happened, he remains one of famous sources who dedicated entire chapter for this uprising. The investigation found that three factors: the death of Stalin, the Ukrainian leadership and the regime of the camp were the main causes for the uprising.Those three factors were interlinked within each other and only together they were responsible for causing the Kengir uprising. [Word Count 256] [ii] Saidkhon Turaev 003076 – 017 Introduction The Kengir Uprising of 1954 was one of the important events in Soviet history. It was the rebellion organized by the large group of prisoners in the Steplag camp in the city of the Jezkazgan in 16th of May till 26th of June. The uprising continued for forty days until it was brutally crushed by the Soviet tanks. Very little is known today about this uprising and about the reasons which could? e caused it. There are different historical positions on what could? ve been the reason for the uprising. The Steplag camp was one of the labor complexes of the Karaganda gulag or s imply Karlag. Karlag was founded in 1931 in the city of Karaganda, Kazakhstan, and it served the USSR for about thirty years as a labor complex. The NKVD and the MVD use to send people of different nationalities to this gulag. Many Nazi camp prisoners, who were â€Å"liberated† by the Soviet Union after World War II, were also sent to the Karlag.Among those prisoners there were some fearsome nationalistic groups like the Ukrainians, who hated and didn? t trust in the Soviet system like other USSR satellite states. It was estimated that there were about 800,000 inmates in Karaganda gulag, 20,000 of which were located in the Steplag camp during the Kengir uprising. 1 It was truly remarkable how small group of prisoners was ready to stand against the whole country without the fear of being killed. Ne vertheless their attempts to achieve any fairness were easily suppressed by the government after 40 days, which once again emphasizes that the Soviet government couldn? deal with those kinds of situations without using the force. But the key thing in the uprising was that it lasted for such a long time, whereas in Stalin? s era, there wouldn? t be any hesitations in killing every single rebel in the camp. It was clear that the new authority didn? t want to go the path which led to the terror, which in turn can be argued, was their main weakness. One might agree that the Soviet Union couldn? t exist without gulags. Therefore, by having doubts in their actions the Soviet authority took the first step towards its own annihilation.Thus one can consider that the Kengir uprising symbolizes the thaw from Stalinization to something different. It is very hard for people who research about this uprising to find adequate primary source, due to the fact that Soviet Union was a secretive totalit arian state which was very careful at hiding information from public 1 Astana Calling p. 3 [1] Saidkhon Turaev 003076 – 017 eyes. So the only choice is to rely on circumstantial evidence, provided by authors like Alexander Solzhenitsyn â€Å"The Gulag Archipelago,† and then make implications on what has happened.Solzhenitsyn to this day remains one of the famous sources, who dedicated entire chapter, â€Å"Forty Days of Kengir,† to the uprising in Steplag. Besides â€Å"The Gulag Archipelago† there are also a lot of secondary sources such as Anne Applebaum? s book â€Å"Gulag, a history† or Steven Barnes review of the uprising â€Å"In a Manner Befitting Soviet Citizens. † All of these explain western historian point of view on the events which happened before and after the Kengir uprising. This essay is concerned with determining what were the most important factors in causing the Kengir uprising.The possible factors that may have contribut ed to the uprising were the following: the death of Stalin, Ukrainian nationalist leadership, the regime of the camp, and the introduction of criminal prisoners. Some say that the real problems were caused by Ukrainians, because most of them belonged to the nationalist groups who opposed the Soviet political regime and wanted the separation of Ukraine from the USSR. Most of the Ukrainian nationalists were sent to the Gulags as the political enemies of the USSR. In contrast other historians claim that the criminals were the main reason for the uprising in Kengir.Criminals were the group of inmates who were always in conflict with the polit ical prisoners in Steplag. During the outbreaks of the Kengir uprising criminals were sent into the camps to calm down the politicals, but instead both groups joined efforts to fight the authorities. However others claim that the death of Stalin overweights all of the arguments above. Stalin? s death was remarkable moment in history, because it imp licated that the terror was over and that the political prisoners would finally be free. It of course raised expectations in the hearts of many gulag prisoners.Perhaps those aroused expectations were the main reason behind the uprising in Steplag. On the other hand some blame must lie with the regime of the camp, which also played a key role in creating the uprising in Steplag. During Stalin? s reign the regime was very strict. Guards were ordered to kill anyone who attempts to run or tried to organize a revolt. So it is important for one to access the reasons behind the uprising in order to see why certain things could? ve caused everything to change. [2] Saidkhon Turaev 003076 – 017 First Reason: Death of StalinOn 5th of March 1953 Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin died of the brain stroke. To many gulag prisoners, particularly to political prisoners, his death meant that the tyranny and terror was finally over. The author of the book â€Å"Letters of the Camp Doctor† and the former gulag prisoner Vadim Aleksandrovich has commented about the situation: â€Å"Majority of the prisoners understood of what the man was made of. They understood that he was tyrant, that he controlled a great country and that the fate of each prisoner was somehow related to the fate of Stalin. 2 It seems that this source is based on opinion, so therefore might contain bias. However it can be useful to a historian in terms providing some idea on what was the general feeling among the prisoners towards Stalin. Despite the fact that many prisoners awaited his death, most of them remained cautious about the situation, mainly because they? re afraid of earning a second sentence. However in Steplag, prisoners weren? t afraid of showing their happiness – they were making wild cries of celebration3as Applebaum comments, which imply that they waited for some changes to come.One of the Steplag prisoners Yuri Grunin even stated â€Å"the blessing times would soon come,† 4which once again gives a historian an idea of how the prisoners felt during that time. One can argue that the death of Stalin didn? t accomplish the hopes of the prisoners towards the reforms that they expected from the authorities. This is clearly reflected on the releases, which were issued by his right hand man and the chief of KGB Lavrenty Beria. Beria was known to be a man who created most hated policies in gulag systems5. But nevertheless by 28th of March 1953 1. million prisoners were released, 400,000 cases were closed and new Gulag projects were abandoned. 6 One can see the situation as promising for many gulag prisoners, but it only looks good on the surface. These prisoners, who were released, only included group of petty criminals and some women with children and none of the politicals. As a result of that many political prisoners were becoming increasingly angry with the situation. 2 Aleksandrovich â€Å"Letters of the Camp doctor† p. 28 Applebaum â€Å"Gulag a History† p. 477 4 Yuri Grunin as cited in Dmitri Bikov’s article â€Å"Prisoners wanted love† 5Solzhenitsyn â€Å"The Gulag Archipelago† vol. 2 p 204 6 Krutsyk â€Å"The Chronicles of Communist Inquisition† 3 [3] Saidkhon Turaev 003076 – 017 In Steplag as Applebaum comments, certain groups of prisoners formed underground organizations by the time the amnesty was proclaimed, which imply that they were planning something. 7However there is a problem with a source provided by Applebaum, which is that she wasn? t there at the time when all of that happened and therefore some of her arguments might be unreliable, due to limited supporting primary sources.Nevertheless there is still an argument that – if the hopes of the prisoners weren? t accomplished then why did the uprising happen only in 1954, a year later after Stalin? s death? Well there could be a lot of answers to this question. Perhaps the circumstances were different, or maybe t hese underground organizations just needed time to put their plan into action. From the points addressed above one can say that for the uprising to happen it needed something more, than just an event like death of Stalin. In other words not every gulag in Soviet Union had an uprising after Stalin? death. So this might imply that something was different in the Steplag. For instance as Applebaum commented there were some underground organizations in Steplag before the uprising, which imply that there were highly organized group of individuals who perhaps planned out everything before acting. But then again the uprising couldn? t be just a spontaneous upheaval without any cause, it needed a spark. Perhaps the circumstances in Steplag were somehow different in 1954 than they were in 1953 and that could? ve served as a spark for the uprising.In order to investigate any further one might look at the other factors like the regime of the camp, Ukrainian leadership and intro of the group of criminals to see whether they have something in common with the arguments presented above. 7 Applebaum p. 495 [4] Saidkhon Turaev 003076 – 017 Second Reason: Regime of the camp The camp regime in the gulags from 1930 – 1953 was really determined by the three factors: the sentence which prisoners received, the relationship of camp authorities to the prisoners and the attitude of guards towards the inmates.Political prisoners were treated most brutally compared to other prisoners. Especially after 1948 when a group of special camps were introduced that had a very strict regime based on katorga (hard labor), which was created during the war. In his famous book â€Å"Gulag Archipelago† Solzhenitsyn describes the work conditions of (inmates under katorga regime): â€Å"During the work they were surrounded by soldiers with dogs, they were hit, and were beaten by guns†¦It was easy to spot exhausted and to differentiate them from other prisoners. They’re lost and barely walked. 8 This source which Solzhenitsyn provides to the historians might be reliable do to the fact that Solzhenitsyn himself was a , and one can argue that Solzhenitsyn knew what it was like to be that type of prisoner and therefore there is a less chance of bias in this quote. Furthermore from this evidence we can say that the political prisoners had a reason to be angry at the regime and if they had a reason they? re most likely to protest against it. In Steplag there were huge numbers of political prisoners, especially c ounterrevolutionaries, 9which implied that the camp had a very strict regime.In addition authorities never really cared about health conditions of the prisoners. There were moments when inmates had to eat the spoiled food, because the camp executives didn? t really monitor the condition of the food. 10This type of attitude might? ve led to the buildup of the misery among prisoners. But if everything was that bad, why didn? t the prisoners rebel earlier, why they waited until 1954? Was it death of Stalin which gave the prisoners the idea of the terror being over and that the freedom should be given to each of them?Highly unlikely, because even when Stalin died the prisoners were in risk of being shot if they somehow threatened the Soviet system and it should? ve taken prisoners a real courage to cause this massive uprising. So it must? ve been something different, but before exploring argument further one must look at the relationship between prisoners and camp authorities before 1953. 8 Solzhenitsyn â€Å"The Gulag Archipelago† vol. 3 p. 8 â€Å"The Document of the Kengir Uprising of 1954† see the table 2 at the appendix 10 â€Å"Gulag Many Days Many Lives† Report to Temporary Chief of Karlag Administration Nikiforov 9 5] Saidkhon Turaev 003076 – 017 Prisoners of Steplag really thought that they? re being unfairly treated by the camp authorities. The extract from Soviet magazine Putevka, based o n MVD reports, explores some of the unhappy comments of a prisoner towards the fact that camp executives really didn? t care about the prisoners? complaints: â€Å"Write, for what?! We were writing – and never got a reply. Boxes were set, so we didn’t annoy them†¦Ã¢â‚¬ 11 This source analyses the response of the prisoners towards the camp authorities in 1936.Although it can give a historian an idea of what was the general feeling among prisoners towards the camp authorities, it is a bit strange that this kind of information was published, especially in the Soviet Union where the authorities were really careful at hiding information. So therefore it must have some purpose, most likely the propaganda purpose, so therefore it might contain some sort of bias. By using this source one can think to himself that the carelessness of the camp authority was one of the reasons for the tension to build up.And he will be right to think so, because what was bad about the camp authorities was that they didn? t really consider the fact that prisoners were getting angrier over time and that soon they would eventually rise up. Now one might look at the situation in the Steplag after the death of Stalin and fall of Beria. Solzhenitsyn explains that after fall of Beria the guards weren? t receiving salary bonuses for their service as before. 12They had to really prove that their work is worthy of the bonuses, so as a result many of the guards started shooting innocent prisoners and then claimed that inmates tried to run away.One of the infamous killings was the shooting of the Christian in spring of 1954, which resulted massive unrest among the prisoners. The name of the Christian, according to Solzhenitsyn, was Alexander Sisoviev and after his murder many prisoners felt sorry for him because he was serving in Steplag for almost ten years and hardly broke any law to get killed. 13 Later during the uprising one of the prisoners? demands to the authority would be to â€Å"punish the guards who killed the Christian†14 which again emphasizes how strongly were the inmates affected by this murder. 11 Gulag Many Days Many Live† Except from Putevka Solzhenitsyn vol. 3 p. 262 13 Ibid p. 263 14 â€Å"The Document of the Kengir Uprising of 1954† telegram # 044 to the MVD chief Kruglov 12 [6] Saidkhon Turaev 003076 – 017 This situation with a Christian might? ve underlined that the prisoners were no longer safe in the camps and that they had to act. But then again these whole innocent killings might? ve been just a spark for all of the misery in the past. For an uprising to be successful it needed a strong leadership. In the Kengir uprising such leadership was taken by the Ukrainians.Third Reason: Ukrainian Leadership The Ukrainians started to arrive to the Steplag after World War II. Unlike the other prisoners these people were really organized and the most important thing was that they didn? t trust the Soviet Union. Ev en the camp authorities have exclaimed this point, by saying that the â€Å"bourgeois ideology† 15has made Ukrainians hostile to the Soviet system. In Steplag particularly there were large numbers of them and they were all mixed with other political prisoners, which was an obvious mistake of the camp authorities, because Ukrainians could expose their viewpoints and ideas to ther prisoners. Because of this everything began to change in the Steplag. Before the arrival of the Ukrainians the camps were filled with prisoners who sni tched on each other. Because of those snitches some of the prisoners were either killed or taken to the prison of the strict regime. Basically snitches were the eyes and ears of the camp administration. When Ukrainians arrived they chose a radical policy in dealing with snitches, by executing them. It was like a new law among prisoners â€Å"Die tonight if you don? t have a pure soul† 16Solzhenitsyn explains.The most remarkable thing about those executions is that the camp authority couldn? t stop them, because they lost all of their informants. Each prisoner knew that if they ever going to snitch again, they? re going to be slashed. But on the other hand Ukrainians didn? t take serious actions against the camp authorities, until 1954. Was it a death of Stalin then, which triggered the uprising? Well it certainly might? ve had the contribution to it, but without the Ukrainians the uprising would? ve never occurred. This change which was occurring in the Gulag camps in some weird way caused the prisoners mindset to change.The killings of the snitches were one of the first examples of freedom movement, as expressed by Solzhenitsyn. However there is another argument that the 15 16 Barnes â€Å"In a Manner Befitting Soviet citizens† p. 824 Solzhenitsyn vol. 3 p. 213 [7] Saidkhon Turaev 003076 – 017 Ukrainians were really opportunists. Whenever the situation fitted them they acted and one can aga in refer back to the killings of the snitches, when Ukrainians basically started killing the informers because they represented a threat to them.Perhaps the death of Stalin was also an opportunity for the Ukrainians in which they thought that this was the time. After the death of Stalin many political prisoners were hoping that they would be released and really it was reflected on the banners which were made during the uprising: â€Å"Long live the Soviet Constitution,† 17or the most famous exclamation made by the Russian Red Army officer and so called the leader of the uprising Kapiton Kuznetsov â€Å"Our salvation lies on loyalty, we must talk to Moscow representatives in a manner befitting Soviet citizens. 18 Ukrainians on the other side never bought into this idea, because during the uprising many of them were in charge of commissions which were responsible for the arming and defending the camp, which in turn implies that they were getting ready for the open conflict. And again after the uprising was crushed by Soviets the Ukrainians were the ones who suffered the most as Barnes explains, even though officially the rebellion was led by the Russian Red Army veterans. 9One of the Ukrainian prisoners who left the camp during the uprising spoke to his fellow Ukrainian prisoners: â€Å"Dear countrymen, they see us westerners as the main authors of the strike? s continuation. † 20So according to the prisoner the Ukrainians were treated badly by the Russians because there was a presence of dominance of one nation over the other, however the other reason could be that the Russians realized that the Ukrainians represented a threat to the political regime of the Soviet Union and in order to calm them down they put pressure on them. 17 Barnes p. 24 Ibid p. 823 19 Ibid p. 837 20 Ibid p. 827 18 [8] Saidkhon Turaev 003076 – 017 Fourth Reason: Intro of a Large Group of Criminals Criminals were most fearsome group of people in the gulag system, because they were aggr essive, many of them have killed and harassed other people before they? re caught and mostly because they? re unpredictable. Lev Razgon the gulag prisoner describes criminal prisoners: â€Å"They were, in a word, racketeers, gangsters, and members of small mafia†¦ they brazenly cleaned out the new transports, taking all of the best clothes from newcomers. 21There were a lot of tensions between political prisoners and criminals in Steplag. Political prisoners detested criminals for their unlawful actions and in any case tried to avoid them. Criminals most often didn? t do any work at all. If they needed money they stole them from political prisoners by threatening them. Applebaum explains that political prisoners were afraid of criminals because most of them were armed with knives and other sharp objects. 22But everything changed when two groups were separated in the late 1940„s due to constant tensions between them.During the outbreaks of the uprising in the Steplag camp , the criminals were shipped by the camp authorities to calm down the political prisoners, because the authorities thought that politicals were still afraid of the criminals. One can again link this to the idea that the camp authorities really had horrible ways in dealing with conflict situations. Solzhenitsyn supports this idea by stating: â€Å"Here it is the unpredictable nature of the human emotions and social movements.Injecting in Kengir lagpunkt No 3 the mammoth dose of tested ptomaine, bosses obtained not a pacified camp, but the biggest mutiny in the history of the Gulag Archipelago! †23 This source could be reliable to a historian, because although Solzhenitsyn wasn? t there at that time when the event happened, he analyses the situation as a historian and provides the reader with his reasoning. The criminals and the politicals for the first time ever joined their efforts to accomplish mutual aims, which again suggest that the atmosphere in Steplag has changed due t o the fact that Stalin died.Conversely one can agree that the criminals didn? t really impacted the uprising much. Yes, they? ve joined efforts with the politicals 21 Lev Razgon as cited in Applebaum’s â€Å"Gulag a history† p. 281 Applebaum p. 282 23 Solzhenitsyn vol. 3 p. 266 22 [9] Saidkhon Turaev 003076 – 017 and certainly increase their numbers, but one can again argue that the uprising would? ve been caused anyways even without the criminals? presence. Conclusion The introduction of the criminals to the camps didn? t really make any difference, because the uprising was already in progress when they arrived.So in the end, the Kengir uprising was the combination of three factors which included: the death of Stalin, the regime of the camp and the leadership of the Ukrainians. All three factors were interlinked and followed consecutive order. At first the uprising needed a cause of some sort, which was brought by the idea that Stalin died and the expected hope s weren? t accomplished. When Stalin died majority of the prisoner population in Steplag hoped for some changes to come, this could be reflected on how they openly celebrated his death in March 1953. But then with Beria? amnesties their expectations and hopes failed and when that happened, based on investigation, they lost all of their patience. Secondly it needed the angry group of people who would agitate their views to the prisoner population about their long term misery and then during the uprising these people would target the prisoners to act. The Ukrainians were those sorts of people. It is only when they arrived the radical changes begun in Steplag, for instance the slashing of the snitches. And one must remember that during the uprising the Ukrainians were the only nes who were preparing for the open conflict which imply that they never really trusted the USSR. And finally it needed some sort of a spark, which was caused by the incompetence of the guards. In 1954 when guard s started shooting at the prisoners just to receive salary bonuses, they made a mistake of shooting the Christian Alexander Sisoviev who was favored among the prisoners. That of course underlined that the prisoners were no longer safe from the authorities, so therefore the only choice for them was to act.Kengir uprising of 1954 marked itself as a remarkable moment in history, not only because it lasted considerable amount of time, but because it marked the end of the Soviet gulags. This in turn can be argued to be the end of the Soviet Union, because this uprising proved that the system couldn? t exist without violence. Only by using violence the government could maintain control. [10] Saidkhon Turaev 003076 – 017 A ppendix Table 1: The Nationality of Prisoners (Translated) : According to Nationality 1. (Russians) 2. (Ukrainians) 3. (Byelorussians) 4. (Azerbaijanis) 5. (Georgians) 6. (Armenians) 7. (Turkmens) 8. (Uzbeks) 9. (Tajiks) 10. (Kazakhs) 11. (Kyrgyz) 12. (Lithuanians) 13. (Latvians) 14. (Estonians) 15. (Tatars) 16. (Bashkir) 17. (Udmurt) 2661 9596 878 108 132 154 76 204 54 291 50 2690 1074 873 127 9 20 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. (Chechens) (Ingush) (Jews) (Moldavians) ? (Finnish) (Germans) (Poles) (Romanians) (Iranians) (Afghanis) (Mongols) (Chinese) (Japanese) (Koreans) (Greeks) (Turkish) (Others) 124 56 174 208 16 359 379 24 18 8 2 55 30 52 21 8 167 Table 2: Sentence of the prisoners (Translated) Sentence 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Traitors to Motherland Spying Terrorists Trozkyist Wrecking Counterrevolutionary saboteurs Sabotage Anti-Soviet Conspirators Anti-Soviet agitation 14785 1202 772 57 79 57 192 1140 755 10. Rebels 11. Combined Criminal charges 1, 3, 5 12. Combined Criminal charges 1 & 3 13. War Crime 14. Gambling 5. Mugging 16. Job and economic crimes 1421 130 36 10 8 24 19 A r eport of special department of MVD in Steplag camp about the prisoners ’ n ationality and sentence – b y the c hief of the department and the colonel Savchenko a s cited in h ttp://g – to – g. com/index. php? version=rus&module=56&page=16 . [11] Saidkhon Turaev 003076 – 017 W orks Cited P rimary Sources A leksandrovich, Vadim. L etters of the Camp Doctor . Moscow: , 1996. S olzhenit syn, Alexander. G ulag Archipelago . vol. 2 . Moscow: , 1991. Print. S olzhenitsyn, Alexander. G ulag Archipelago . vol. 3 .Moscow: , 1991. Print. G ulag Many Days, Many Lives † E xcerpt from Putevka. † 1 933. Web. 7 Aug 2010. < http://gulaghistory. org /items/show/776>. G ulag Many Days, Many Lives † R eport to Temporary Chief of Karlag Administration N ikiforov. † 1 939. Web. 7 Aug 2010. < http://gulaghistory. org/items/show/766>. S econdary Sources A pplebaum, Anne. G ulag a history . 1st ed. United States of A merica: Anchor Books, a d ivision o f Random House, Inc. 2 003. Print. † Astana Calling. † Ministry of the Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 12 January 2 010. Web. 7 Aug 2010.B arnes, Steven. † In a Manner Befitting Soviet Citizens†: An Uprising i n the Post – Stalin Gulag . 4. U nited States of America: The American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies, 2 005. 823 – 850. P rint . Bikov, Dmitri. † The Prisoners Wanted Love. † Web. 23 Aug 2010. . â€Å"Documents of Kengir Uprising of 1954. † G-to-G Geologist to Geologist. G-toG. Web. 10 Sep 2010. . K rutsyk, Roman, Yurii S hapovall, and Oleh K ravchenko. â€Å"Chronicles of the Com munistic I nquisition. â€Å". W eb. 7 Aug 2010. < http://memorial. kiev. ua/expo/eng/1953. html >. [12] Saidkhon Turaev 003076 – 017 Extended Essay For other articles on the Extended Essay on Intense Cogitation, please see our helpful articles on  The Extended Essay Outline  and  Sample sources for an Extended Essay – The American Civil War. Please also check out my  extended essay exemplar  about the American Civil War. As I’m sure you all know, the Extended Essay is a 4000 word essay that is a requirement for the International Baccalaureate Diploma. You can write it in a wide variety of topics and subjects, as long as you have an Extended Essay supervisor (usually a teacher) guiding you along.Most schools encourage students to complete an outline, at the very least, for the Extended Essay at the end of IB1 to prevent students from procrastinating too much in IB2. For some people, the outline can be quite challenging; what if you just want to start writing the essay? What do I include in it? I had similar questions whilst I was writing mine, so I shall divulge some things I discovered for you to think ab out. Generally, it is a good idea to do extensive research  prior  to writing the outline.Presumably by this point you will have already found a subject, topic and a supervisor; if not, ensure that you have all three before continuing. Make notes whilst you are writing so you can pick out common themes and ideas, which will help you immensely when you start writing the thesis. Don’t forget to write the sources down! For example, I started reading about the American Civil War because I saw a documentary on naval warfare. After doing some research, I found something that really interested me — the Battle of Hampton Roads.With this in mind, I proceeded to narrow this down to: VALUE OF THE CONFEDERATE IRONCLAD  Virginia  IN THE BATTLE OF HAMPTON ROADS, MARCH 8-9, 1862 Don’t worry if it isn’t perfect! Just get your ideas down first–let   editing take care of the problems. Once you have that, try to think of a question that concerns most of the material you have read and digested so far. Is there a problem or question that keeps on coming up in your mind when you are studying this topic? What are some common academic arguments about this topic? Try to shape that into a research question.After that, formulate a thesis which attempts to answer this question. It’s hard to understand, so I’ll show you an example from my outline here: Research Question:  To this day, the question of who won is still debated. One method for analysis would be to study the battle through one ship to determine the extent of the ship’s usefulness to its home country; if the ship was costly and ineffective in battle, it would likely not be the victor. In this battle, a study of the  Virginia  in this battle would be most beneficial since she was present for both days of the battle.Thus, the following research question emerges: how useful was the ironcladVirginia  to the Confederacy in the Battle of Hampton Roads? Thesis statement:  To examine the question, this essay will use both primary and secondary sources to explore the Virginia’s impact on industry and economics, and strategic and tactical ramifications of the battle for the Confederacy, including the Virginia’s vulnerabilities and her psychological effect on civilians and combatants. Although the Virginia was a remarkable ship, this essay will prove that the Virginia was of limited use to the Confederate war effort.This wasn’t my final research question or thesis statement, but it gave me enough of a focus to write a first draft. In essence, your task here is to find a central question to your essay, and choose a view point that you think the evidence supports. After that, you are probably ready to write a rough outline of the structure of your Extended Essay — how will you structure the knowledge you’ve learned through research into a persuasive argument? How will you make this relevant to your thesis? W hat evidence will you use?At this stage, it’s probably easiest to just write jot notes of your major arguments and some minor supporting points as it is just an outline, not a draft. It doesn’t have to be very detailed, as illustrated by mine: * Introduce Confederate naval situation and reason for ironclad construction * Introduce Battle of Hampton Roads * Research question * Thesis statement * Plan of attack (see thesis statement paragraph) * Confederate industrial situation * Confederate iron ore shortages * Issues with processing iron ore into iron plating Problems with transporting the finished product to Norfolk * Therefore, transforming the USS  Merrimack  into the ironclad CSS  Virginiawas extremely costly in terms of resources and stressed Confederate industry, which was limited at best * Battle of Hampton Roads * Military events on March 8 * Military events on March 9 * Sum up the battle * Explore weaknesses * Explore other ramifications of the battle (i e. Delay of McClellan’s Peninsular Campaign) * Psychological effect on civilians and government officials * In essence, the military value of the  Virginia  was marginal at best.She was extremely flawed, and marginally seaworthy. The Battle of Hampton Roads was a draw since she did not make a significant breakthrough, and thus all the effort and resources that the Confederacy spent on her was all for naught. She was more useful as a psychological weapon, but even that could not prevent superior Union industry and resources from overrunning the Confederacy both on land and sea. * Conclusion * The  Virginia  was the Confederacy’s V-1 and V-2.Although she was technologically advanced for her time, she did not win the important Battle of Hampton Roads, nor did she have any significant long-term effect on the war. * In essence, she was of little use to the Confederacy. Once you have these major components in your essay outline, you’re probably ready to submit it to your supervisor. Keep a copy for yourself so you can still use it as a road map when you start writing your essay draft! As mentioned above, it might also be a good idea to include the sources you’ve used so far so you don’t forget about it in your final copy! Any questions? Leave a comment!