Raymond Carvers A Small Good Thing Essay -- Comparative Literature Ca

Raymond Carvers A Small severe Thing Raymond Carvers A Small Good Thing, a short story that has to do with the lack of interaction and empathy between the baker, Ann and Howard, the finale where the baker is startled to find out about the childs death, asks for mercy and presents them warm cinnamon bark rolls telling them that Eating is a small, good thing in a time like this and they atomic number 18 comforted, reveals particular signifi contributece of the title in price of the storys theme. Also, Raymond Carvers Cathedral, a story that starts with an ignorant and rude narrator whose wife has called a blind friend to spend the night at their home and according to Carver, A blind man in my house was not some(prenominal)thing I looked forward to,(38) has some parallels in thematic content that is revealed in both stories.In A Small Good Thing, after Howard returns home, the baker keeps on calling him and telling him about the cake, but Howard tells him I dont know anything about a cake, Jesus what are you talking about? The theme here is the lack of converse between Howard and Ann. Ann never tells Howard about the cake she ordered before Scotts accident. After the call Howard pours some whiskey for himself, but before returning to the hospital he does not eat anything. The same situation happens after Ann and Howard return home from the hospital after Scotts death. This is where the title has significance in terms of the storys theme. If Ann and Howard had eaten something before they left to see Scott and be with him, their infuriation would not have aggravated till the point where they allow out all their rage at the baker. This infuriation is caused by the doctors for not being able to answer their questions about why Scotty is ... ...nything. Its really something.(48-49) From this, one can tell that the narrator is studying more about human interaction and himself than what the blind man is studying about cathedrals.In A Small Good Thing, the empathy lies around Ann and Howards rage at the baker. In reality, the main culprits of their rage are the doctors that kept on providing them hope that their son will wake up. Their lack of communication here led them to this lack of empathy with the baker.Carvers similar use of the thematic content revealed in both stories not only tells the reader what these themes have in earthy in totally different situations, but exhibits the style of writing and way that this author shows the orthodox pictures concerning particular individuals with strange personalities.Works CitedCarver, Raymond. A Small, Good Thing. Donald residence hall 262-278

Robertson Davis Fifth Business Essay -- Robertson Davies Fifth Busine

Guilt can only when be suppressed for a restrain time before it comes out inunwanted ways. In the novel Fifth Business by Robertson Davies, male child Staunton -asuccessful businessman with a milled appearance but a tortured soul- took theultimate plunge to his death. His decision was not merely his own, but wasinfluenced by a team of hands that helped vitality him to his destiny. First Leola,who was his first love and his wife. Then Mary Dempster, a neighbor from his oldtown Deptford, whom he mistakenly made into a simple charwoman. Next his mannerlong-friend and enemy, Dunstan Ramsey, who was a constant reminder of thevirtuous life boy longed to live. Then Paul Dempster, the product of Boysimmature childhood behavior. Finally himself, because he suppressed his ill-doingand refused to accept the shadow that lurked within him. The five stack thatkilled Boy Staunton (as stated) were Mary- ?the woman he did not know?, Leola- ?the woman he knew?, Dunstan- ?the keeper of his con science and the scar?, Paul-whom granted his inner most wish, and lastly, Boy Staunton himself.It can be observed that childhood experiences play a very important rolein the constancy of ones soul. One mishap in childhood can create a devastatingblow to ones true happiness in later life. This was exactly the issue in BoyStauntons life. Once, when he was little, he got in an argument with Dunnywhich led to snowballs being launched at Dunny from an aggravated Boy Staunton.The last snowball concealed a rock, and murder Dunnys neighbor Mary Dempster inthe head. As a result, she gave birth prematurely (to Paul Dempster), and thenafterwards became ?simple minded?. This particular nonessential acted as afoundation for Boys growing shadow, and contributed to the demise of his soul.It is ironic that the person who had such a significant influence on BoyStauntons shadow, was a woman he did not know. When Boy was asked if he had anyrecognition of Mrs. Dempster, he replied ? None at all. W hy Should I(page261). Although Boy only met her once, the guilt remained suppressed intimate himfor the rest of his life. Boys guilt grew as the years went by, fed by incidents that occurredfrom different people. Leola, Boys first wife was one of these people. Leolawas born in Deptford as was Boy. They grew up together going to the same school,and fanci... ...his own life.When Boy was found the morning after, a strange careen was found in hismouth. That stone was the same stone which hit Mary Dempster in the head so manyyears before. Boy considered the stone to represent his guilt and in the endtried to swallow the stone (he tried to swallow his guilty conscience). Suicidewas the only way out for Boy, because his shadow was much to big to confront.Boys biggest mistake in his life, was that he did not subject his conscience whenit was small. Instead he let it grow inside him, a mistake which ultimately ledto his death.Indeed Boys death was influenced by different people througho ut hislife. Leola who was the woman he knew. Mary - the woman he did not know. Paul -who granted his inmost wish. And of course Dunny -the inevitable fifth. But BoyStaunton was the only one who could be accountable for his guilt. For he, and healone, ignored his shadow and left it to grow. In the end his shadow was to bigto defeat, and so, pushed by the darkness within him, Boy entered finally intothe shadow of death. Works CitedDavies, Robertson. FIFTH BUSINESS. Canada The Macmillan Company of Canada Limited, 1970.

Post-Modern Victorian: A. S. Byatts Possession Essay examples -- essay

Post-Modern VictorianA. S. Byatts stubbornnessIf I had read A. S. Byatts sassy Possession without having had British Literature, a lot of the novels meaning, analogies, and literary mystery would have been lost to me. The entire volume seems one big reference back to something weve learned or read this May term. The first few lines of chapter one are rime attributed to Randolph Henry Ash, which Byatt wrote herself. Already in those few lines I hear echoes of class, lines written in flowery Pre-Raphaelite tradition. "The serpent at its root, the fruit of gold /At the old worlds rim, /In the Hesperidean grove, the fruit /Glowed golden on eternal boughs, and there /The potassium hydrogen tartrate Ladon crisped his jewelled (sic) crest." Because of class, I was able to pick up on this poetry tradition right away. This story within a story is beef up by Byatts ability to write Victorians accurately. Until I read some of the reviews, I thought Byatts Victorian characters wer e actual historical literary figures, when actually they are fictitious, and their journals, letters, and poetry are written by Byatt.      The action of the book takes place in two periods. The two main characters, Roland and Maud, are literary scholars living in the 1980s. Their get it on story is shared and played out by the diaries, poetry, and correspondence of two poets and lovers from the 1860s-Randolph Henry Ash and Christabel LaMotte. Although the book is modern fiction, much of it is a Victorian novel as well. Possession is characteristic of Byatts love for intertextuality and imbedded texts. Possession is also an example of several literary genres, all written into one book. At various measure it gives evidence of poetry, mythology, a romance novel, a detective story, a fairy tale, journals and diaries, and scholarly writings.     There are several themes in Possession that tie this book to earlier texts that we have read. Individ ual versus group identity, feminism, sexuality and the link between present and past are themes that Byatt deals with in her novel. Interestingly, Byatt expresses many of these themes using symbolical food colour imagery, a technique that makes her writing reminiscent of Pre-Raphaelite style.      According to Byatt, the "struggle of the individual to discover and then live out her... ...hanged, and romance from one snip to another is not so different as we thought. The characters mix the old and the new Maud wears a brooch once belonging to Christabel, and another Ash scholar, Mortimer Cropper, carries Ashs scoop shovel watch. In the end of the novel, the last love letter written by Christabel enables Maud to finally enjoy the value of love in the present, and give her trust to Roland. The alternating(prenominal) time frame of the novel provides an interesting contrast to the normal, stifling, linear time frame of typical literature and everyday life. T he way Byatt expresses many of these themes through her symbolic use of color is significant. Byatt paints with words, making her reminiscent of the Pre-Raphaelites. She gives color descriptions for her characters, painting the women such as LaMotte and Christabel in gold and green description, while persons whose characters are flat and neer well-developed, such as Paola the secretary, are described in colorless terms. Paola has "long, colourless hair bound in a rubber band" huge mothlike glasses, and " ratty grey pads" for fingertips. Her lack of color sets her off from the beginning as a very flat character.

Diversity in Colleges Essay example -- Race Sex Diversity

Traditional DiversityAt UC-Berkeley, the course description for Politics and Poetics (Fall flight 2002) stated that conservative thinkers are encouraged to seek another(prenominal) sections. (SAF 1). Though the instructor later apologized for the description, this is the sort of encouragement conservative-minded students are greeted with many times during their college experience. It is utter that in class, students are taught that their country -- and Western culture in general -- is tainted by racism, sexism, and oppression (Stearn 2).Outside class, students are forced into consciousness-raising exercises that heighten tensions and trudge radical pressure groups (Stearn 2). For example, at Brown University, an organized concretion of fifteen ethnic and political student groups stole 4,000 copies of the Brown Daily Herald in March 2002 (SAF 2). The theft was conducted as retribution for the papers decision to soft touch an anti-reparations for slavery ad penned by David Horowi tz, a well-known liberal turned conservative political militant (2). The director of Browns Afro-American studies program defended the coalitions action, claiming, If something is free, you can take as many copies as you like. This is not a free public lecture issue. It is a hate speech issue. (SAF 2).Horowitzs anti-reparation comments are entitled 10 Reasons Why Reparations For Blacks Are A Bad Idea For Blacks And Racist, Too. (Horowitz, 10 Reasons). While Horowitzs title may cause some anxiety for reparation supporters, it is, simply, an individual opinion. However, Horowitz knew very well that the opinion print with this essay would induce some serious backlash, and all odds should be placed on his counting on the scathing rebuttals to open a good d... ....Horowitz, David. In Defense of Intellectual Diversity. Chronicle.com. 13 February 20045 pp. Internet. Online. head page link. . Accessed 24 April 2004.Horowitz, David and Lehrer, Eli. policy-making Bias in the Administrat ions and Faculties of 32 EliteColleges and Universities. April 2003 4 pp. Online. Internet. Direct page link.. Accessed 10 May 2004.Stearn, Peter. Expanding the Agenda of Cultural Research. 2 May 2003 5 pp. Onlinesubscription only. .Accessed 14 May 2004.Students for Academic Freedom Website (SAF). Bias Incidents on Campus. 12 May 2004 14pp. Studentsforacademicfreedom.org. Internet. Online.. Accessed 14 May 2004. Diversity in Colleges Essay example -- go Sex DiversityTraditional DiversityAt UC-Berkeley, the course description for Politics and Poetics (Fall Course 2002) stated that conservative thinkers are encouraged to seek other sections. (SAF 1). Though the instructor later apologized for the description, this is the sort of encouragement conservative-minded students are greeted with many times during their college experience. It is said that in class, students are taught that their country -- and Western culture in general -- is tainted by racism, sexism, and opp ression (Stearn 2).Outside class, students are forced into consciousness-raising exercises that heighten tensions and bolster radical pressure groups (Stearn 2). For example, at Brown University, an organized coalition of fifteen ethnic and political student groups stole 4,000 copies of the Brown Daily Herald in March 2002 (SAF 2). The theft was conducted as retribution for the papers decision to print an anti-reparations for slavery ad penned by David Horowitz, a well-known liberal turned conservative political activist (2). The director of Browns Afro-American studies program defended the coalitions action, claiming, If something is free, you can take as many copies as you like. This is not a free speech issue. It is a hate speech issue. (SAF 2).Horowitzs anti-reparation comments are entitled 10 Reasons Why Reparations For Blacks Are A Bad Idea For Blacks And Racist, Too. (Horowitz, 10 Reasons). While Horowitzs title may cause some anxiety for reparation supporters, it is, simply, an individual opinion. However, Horowitz knew very well that the opinion published with this essay would induce some serious backlash, and all odds should be placed on his counting on the scathing rebuttals to open a wide d... ....Horowitz, David. In Defense of Intellectual Diversity. Chronicle.com. 13 February 20045 pp. Internet. Online. Direct page link. . Accessed 24 April 2004.Horowitz, David and Lehrer, Eli. Political Bias in the Administrations and Faculties of 32 EliteColleges and Universities. April 2003 4 pp. Online. Internet. Direct page link.. Accessed 10 May 2004.Stearn, Peter. Expanding the Agenda of Cultural Research. 2 May 2003 5 pp. Onlinesubscription only. .Accessed 14 May 2004.Students for Academic Freedom Website (SAF). Bias Incidents on Campus. 12 May 2004 14pp. Studentsforacademicfreedom.org. Internet. Online.. Accessed 14 May 2004.

Essay --

Since the end of WW2, the policies of farm and agriculture open changed dramatically. Essentially the changes that has occurred allowed bigger farming corporations to gain in power over the local farm proprietor and added to the struggles of the local farmers. The corporations have consolidated the food system that idealizes/glorifies junk food to the public, and the money it has garnered allows them significant lobbying power to alter the market as they seem fit. legion(predicate) policies on farm and agriculture has impacted the way food is grown in America. For example hedge funds, described in page 11 of Foodopoly have essentially driven the prices of land in America and worldwide. This has resulted in farmers having to either cut down costs and make due with lesser land, or be forced out of business. Along with pollution to environment, this policy along with many others results in the situation described in page 12, with lesser farmers working to go forth the nation (from 6.8 million to under 1 million). Most often, farmers sell their products are low prices to pay off land that is priced higher...

Essay --

Since the end of WW2, the policies of farm and agriculture have changed dramatically. Essentially the changes that has occurred allowed bigger farming corporations to gain in powerfulness over the local farm owner and added to the struggles of the local farmers. The corporations have consolidated the food system that idealizes/glorifies junk food to the public, and the money it has garnered allows them significant lobbying power to alter the market as they seem fit.Many policies on farm and agriculture has impacted the way food is grown in America. For example block funds, depict in page 11 of Foodopoly have essentially driven the prices of land in America and worldwide. This has resulted in farmers having to either cut down be and make due with lesser land, or be forced out of business. Along with pollution to environment, this policy along with many others results in the situation described in page 12, with lesser farmers working to supply the nation (from 6.8 million to under 1 million). Most often, farmers sell their products are low prices to pay remove land that is priced higher...

Evaluation of a Restaurant

I dont go out for very well dining as often anymore but when I do, my expectations are well within reason of a diner. There are many factors in a restaurant that will determine whether I will be a returning patron. These factors can range from the cleanliness of its restrooms to the way the interior is decorated, but the pursuit of this essay, I will narrow down to the three most common-service, food and price. Service- Upon entering, I expect a host or hostess to acknowledge my charge and escort me to a table as soon as one is available.The waiter or waitress, who will be serving me, should have a levelheaded knowledge of what is on the menu for both food and wine. The server should also be quick to fill my glasses when empty. After my food has been served and a some bites into my dinner, I should be asked if it is to my approval. If not, inquire why and do something about it. My server should be proactive and attentive and instead of having to be flagged down for everything. M ost of all, they should be pleasant and spontaneous in making my experience an enjoyable one.After all, Im not just salaried for the food but paying for the service as well. Remember, TIPS is short for To Insure Prompt Service. Food- Since I will be paying for my food, I would expect it to be nothing less of delectable. Of course, exhibit of the dish itself should be appetizing, but the taste is what Im here for. If a medium-rare steak is what I order, then I want to see it seared on the outside and pinkish to slightly red towards the center thickness.Just as important, flavor should be as close to, if not exactly, as described in the menu and by the server. Vegetables, if done correctly, will add a perfect compliment. Ive eaten at places where vegetables were so over cooked I swear it came from a can. The blot is if your food tastes like cafeteria food, complain. Lets face it, if Im going to fork out a Ben Franklin for this, it had fracture be cost that. Price-As the grey-ha ired saying You get what you pay for couldnt be further from the truth. Even for something that youve consumed before you pay for it.But then again, the price that Im willing to pay is for the entire experience not just the worth of the ingredients in making my entree and for the service provided, but ultimately for my enjoyment of the meal. If I pull a face after each shovel of food into my mouth as opposed to a frown after each nibble, then its all worth it. This doesnt necessarily mean I have to a pay and an arm and a leg for it either. I always say that when I retract a restaurant a little poorer in wealth but richer in culinary culture, then its worth a recommendation and better than that- a return visit.After all, regular customers and returning patrons are the ones who help keep their doors open. With all that being said, the establishment that I have been modeling the coordinate of this essay with, which exceeded all three of my criteria as well as others I didnt mention is Forbes Mill Steakhouse in Los Gatos, California. Only twenty proceeding from my house and is highly recommended to anyone be it local or visitors of the San Francisco Bay Area.

Impact of a major change at Blacks Essay

As I also stated in my universe there become been many changes at Blacks recently in the last few months. Blacks are a fairly new business but have already become on of the UKs leading suppliers of outdoor gear. Since opening they have generated high revenue and have been highly profitable every year. all year Blacks beats the previous year in sales which shows that their market share is also increasing.As Blacks looked at their financial status at the line of descent of the year and looked at their objectives there was suddenly an opportunity in the market. Competitor called Outdoors, who supply similar products to Blacks for camping was in financial crisis. The only way for Blacks to addition their market share is to close in on competitors.Blacks saw their opportunity and starting buying Outdoors shares. Before buying shares though Blacks approached Outdoors and asked if they would be willing to comply with a friendly take over, but they rejected hoping that there financial crisis would be resolved. It soon became obvious that they were in too more than debt so Blacks seized their opportunity and bought them out.A hostile takeover was imposed and there was nonhing the firm could do. They tried to resist the takeover bid but could not manage the finances. The board of directors did their best to ensure shareholders that their interests would be best protected with the current board but many fledThey are now in the motion of changing these stores into Blacks stores. The implication of this change has had a big effect on both Blacks employees and Outdoors employees. There were feelings of fear as to what will happen with so many job that and who would work in the new stores.In order to show compassion to the existing workers of Outdoors it was decided that they were going to keep the absolute majority of workers and only make a few surplus that had little product knowledge or were just simply not needed. However the staffs were assured that changes would be make in the culture so as to meet the required level of customer service that Blacks offer. This caused some unrest as they resisted to changesDue to workers organism let go some rumours got around through to Blacks stores that existing Blacks employees may have been dropped. However it was just a rumour that fizzled out and started with no accepted reliable source.This was one main change that happened at Blacks. Another was the change of manager at the beginning of the year. As I have already stated the change in manager has not been the best to date. The new manger has adopted an autocratic style of perplexity. This leaves no space for ideas to be shared or any participation in decision making.As a result of this many workers were threatening to leave as before the manger had come we were forever and a day making bonus by reaching our targets. Since he came though, we have not been able to make target because the workers are de-motivated.Ways of handling Resistance to modifyThe new changes at Blacks have affected the natural order of things at the workplace, for example, new working practices will be introduced, staff have been made redundant and some staff may be re-located to new stores.This in itself will lead a natural opposite to change, so the question is how should managers handle this resistance to change? I will propose six easy steps1. Managers should keep workers informed at each stage as to what is going to happen. This back be done by having-regular staff meetings-regular discussions-issue bulletins-team briefings2. Managers need to involve workers in the decision making process. This way it helps them to feel a part of the organisation3. fasten on steps to avoid rumours spreading and misinformation circulating within and outside the company4. Set up works council where worker representatives can meet with senior management and discuss issues pertaining to the future of the business5. Invest in training to enable workers to cope with change, also offer counselling to the workers who may need to be made redundant6. Review the organisational culture to ensure it fits with the future plans for the business

Famous graphic designers and illustrators

The most recognized and famous lifelike designers and Illustrators are from the US and different countries from Europe, but what about the graphic designers from the Philippines. Kate Morose a famous British artist, and hit Abaca a Philippine artist who Is not so famous. Two artists that are very replete(p) designers and both use pop art and contemporary. Also both work with an explosion of colors. Just escorting at their work, you can see the free chief that both take a crap. But Just because Kate Is fromEngland and Wham Is from the Philippines, do not have the same popularity. All around the world you can find people who have an Incredible talent, you do not have to go to England to find good graphic designers. The two illustrators, we just mention, their style is like pop art, with a covey of color and a lot of shapes. Kate Morose use words, with funny letters that bind a corrade. Wham Abaca, also give us a massage like every artist do, but he just work with images and a ny(prenominal) time a couple of words. The big difference between this to peachy artist, are that Skates work is softer and Wham is most grotesque.Even with this big different, both are good designers that make their ideas flow in their works and looks garish. Skates and Whams designs blow up with colors. Kate uses more than colors that Wham, she almost use the entire color palette in Just genius design and it not looks heavy. But even if Wham is work Just with specific color, all their work is colorful and looks bright. Both make the people turn to see their work, because the bright colors attract their attention. It is difficult to make a good design with a lot of colors, because you have to choose the right tone and make a good contrast when you put them together.Kate and Wham have made a very good Job with that. As you can see in the pictures, both artists try to give massages using their stimulate style and giving life to whatever they want to transmit. Kate gave us very c lear what she wants to said, because she uses words, and the words are easy to read. Whams works Is more like one picture tells us more than a thousand words, because he do not use a lot of words, sometime non. But some of Skates designs the words are difficult to read and the Whams pictures are difficult to make a clear message.Even o both reflect their free mind and creatively very hale, but not all the people can make a clear message from their creations. As we could saw, designs from a Philippine It Is as well from designs from someone of England. Wham has a unique style, kind pop art, but he put his own touch. He knows how to combine the colors and make them look very attractive, making his wants to give a message, which reflects his thinking. Even if it is look a little bit strange and scary. The world is a place full of persons with peachy talents that can be found even in places that are not so common like the Philippines.

Physics Study Notes Hsc

physical science digest Contents Core Topic One situation 1. 2. 3. 4. Gravity blank Launch and Re magic spell Future Space Travel Special Relativity 2 3 13 14 Page Core Topic devil Motors and Generators 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The Motor Effect Electro magnetized Induction Electric Generators Transformers Electric Motors 19 24 27 29 31 Core Topic Three From Ideas to slaying 1. 2. 3. 4. Cathode Rays Quantum Theory Solid State Devices Superconductivity 32 37 43 48 Option Topic Quanta to Quarks 1. . 3. 4. 5. 6. Models of the Atom Quantum natural philosophy The Electron Microscope Applications of Radioactivity Nuclear Applications The anatomical structure of Matter 53 57 59 61 66 67 William Kim HSC Physics Summary paginate 1 Core Topic One Space 1. The estate has a gravitational field that exerts a contract on determinations both on it and around it squargon up weight as the force on an t break offency due to a gravitational field The weight of an object is the force of gravity pl aying on it. r W = mg Where W is the weight in newtons (N), m is the crowd in kilograms (kg) and g hatful be for each one 1. The hotfootup due to gravity (= 9. 8 m/s/s at the demesnes surface) or 2. The gravitational field strength (= 9. 8 N/kg at the Earths surface). Define gravitational latent vital force as the wee done to move an object from a very large distance away to a intimate in a gravitational field. As we lift an object from the ground to a height preceding(prenominal) the ground we do work on it. This work is stored in the object as gravitational potential zip fastener.For an object of chaw m at a height h above the Earths surface the gravitational potential cleverness E is given by E p = mgh However this equation is valid only when the object is near the Earths surface. The gravitational potential vigour is a musical rhythm of the work done in mournful an object from infinity to a keystonesheesh in the field. The general verbalism for the gravitat ional potential energy of an object of mass m at a distance r from the centre of the Earth (or other major planet) is given by E p = ? G mM E r Newtons police of Universal Gravitation m F = G 12 2 r where G is the universal gravitational constant. The Gravitational Field Surrounding any object with mass is a gravitational field. g= Gm r2 Where M is the mass of the Earth (or other planet). Change in Gravitational Potential Energy The mixed bag in potential energy of a mass m1 as it moves from infinity to a distance r from a source of a gravitational field (due to a mass m2) is given by mm ? E p = G 1 2 r Change in Gravitational Potential Energy respect adequate the Earth (when radius adds from A to B) ?1 1? ?E p = GmM E ? ? ? ?r ? ? A rB ? William Kim HSC Physics Summary page 2 . Many factors have to be taken into account to achieve a successful move up order, stay fresh a stable orbit and return to Earth let on the trajectory of an object undergoing rocket salad motion wi thin the Earths gravitational field in harm of horizontal and upended constituents whatsoever despicable object that moves only under the force of gravity is a projectile. The horizontal motion of a projectile is independent to the vertical motion. The reason for this exit is that gravity is the only force acting on the objects and this always acts towards the centre of the Earth.Projectile motion can be analysed by realising that 1. The horizontal motion is constant amphetamine. 2. The vertical motion of constant quickening (with acceleration of g). Equations of Uniformly Accelerated Motion r r r v = u + at r r 1r s = ut + at 2 2 2 2 v = u + 2 as The Path of a Projectile The focal ratio at any point of the path of a projectile is simply the vector sum of the horizontal and vertical fastness components at that point. ?y = k (? x ) 2 ? ag ? k =? 2 ? ? 2u ? ? x? The horizontal component is constant.The vertical component changes at g, the acceleration due to gravity. Traject ories The path fol junior-gradeed by a projectile its trajectory is a parabola (or linear) (1) Horizontal motion ? x = u x t 1 (2) Vertical motion ? y = a g t 2 2 From (1) ? x t= ux Combining (2) & (3) 1 ? ?x ? 1 ag ? y = a g ? ? = (? x )2 2 ? u ? 2 ? x? 2 ux 2 ux ? y ? x William Kim HSC Physics Summary page 3 Describe Galileos psychoanalysis of projectile motion Galileo was responsible for deducing the parabolic shape of the trajectory of a projectile.Galileos analysis of projectile motion led him to consider destination frames. These atomic number 18 what all measurements atomic number 18 compared to. The concept of Galilean relativity refers that the laws of mechanics are the same in a frame of reference that is at rest or one that moves with constant f number. let off the concept of rail exsert f number in terms of the o gravitational constant o mass and radius of the planet If an object is projected upward with a large enough hurrying it can escape the gravitatio nal pull of the Earth (or other planet) and go into post.The dominated speeding to leave the Earth (or other planet) is called the escape velocity. Escape velocity depends on the gravitational constant, the mass and radius of the planet. Suppose an object of mass m is projected vertically upward from the Earths surface (mass of M and radius R) with an initial velocity u. The initial mechanical energy, that is, energising and potential energy is given by E k i + E pi = 1 M m mu 2 ? G E 2 RE Let us assume that the initial go is tho enough so that the object reaches infinity with nada velocity.The value of the initial velocity for which this occurs is the escape velocity ve . When the object is at infinity the mechanical energy is zero (the kinetic energy is zero since the velocity is zero and the potential energy is zero beca single-valued function this is where we selected the zero of potential energy). Hence 1 M m mve2 ? G E = 0 which leads to 2 RE ve = 2GM E RE William Kim HSC Physics Summary page 4 contr everywheret Newtons analysis of escape velocity Circular Motion The motion of an object in a tirade path with constant speed is called uniform poster motion.Although the speed confronts the same in uniform poster motion, it fol pocket-sizes that an object departling in a peak path must be accelerating, since the velocity (that is, the speed in a given direction) is continually changing. r r v1 ? v2 v1 = v 2 r v2 r The change in velocity is given by v2 r r r r v1 ? v = v 2 ? v1 r ? v1 r r ? v r and since a = ? v r ? t ? v it follows that the object is accelerating. Isaac Newton proposed the idea of artificial satellites of the Earth. He considered how a projectile could be launched horizontally from the top of a high mountain so that it would not fall to Earth.As the launch velocity was change magnitude, the distance that the object would sound sooner hitting the Earth would increase until much(prenominal) a judgment of conviction that t he velocity would be sufficient to put the object into orbit around the Earth. (A higher(prenominal) velocity would lead to the object escaping from the Earth. ) Centripetal Acceleration As can be seen, when the change in velocity is displace in the average position among v1 and v2, it is directed towards the centre of the batch. When an object is pitiful with uniform circular motion, the acceleration (the centripetal acceleration) is directed towards the centre of the circle.For an object moving in a circle of radius r with an orbital velocity of v, the centripetal acceleration a is given by v2 ac = r Earth Orbits A satellite can be put into Earth orbit by lifting it to a sufficient height and then full-grown it the required horizontal velocity so that it does not fall back to Earth. For the satellite to circle the Earth, the centripetal force required is provided by the gravitational attraction mingled with the satellite and the Earth. Hence the centripetal acceleration is gi ven by v2 g= R William Kim HSC Physics Summary page 5 Use the term g forces to explain the forces acting on an astronaut du banding launch g-forces on Astronauts Humans can withstand 4g with push by means of undue concern. Accelerations up to 10g are tolerable for on the spur of the moment times when the acceleration is directed match to a line drawn between the persons front and back. The charitable body is relatively unaffected by high speeds. Changes in speed, however, that is, accelerations, can and do affect the human body creating acceleration stress. g-forces Acceleration forces g-forces are measured in units of gravitational acceleration g.For example, a force of 5g is equivalent to acceleration five times the acceleration due to gravity. If the accelerations are a keen-sighted the bodys great axis then deuce distinct effects are possible 1. If the acceleration is in the direction of the persons head they may intimacy a black break through as the blood rushes to th eir feet or 2. If the acceleration is towards their feet, they may familiarity a red out where the blood rushes to their head and retina. Compare the forces acting on an astronaut during launch with what happens during a tumbler pigeon coaster rideAs you fall from a height, you experience detrimental g-forces (you feel clean-cuter). When you pull out of a dip after a hill or follow an indoors loop, you experience positive g-forces (you feel heavier). The positive g-forces are like those astronauts experience at lift-off. Consider a rider in a car at the bottom of an inwardly loop. The rider has two forces acting on them 1. Their normal weight (mg) acting down and 2. The normal reaction force (N) acting up. This is the push of the seat upwards on their bottom.Assume that the loop is part of a circle of radius R. A centripetal force is required for the rider to travel in a circle. This is the difference between the normal force and the weight force, that is mv 2 mv 2 N ? mg = N = mg + R R The g-forces are comprise from the normal force divided by the weight. That is N = mg mg + mv 2 2 R = 1+ v mg gR N mg gs felt by rider = William Kim HSC Physics Summary page 6 Discuss the impact of the Earths orbital motion and its rotational motion on the launch of a rocketA moving platform offers a gain to the velocity of a projectile launched from it, if launched in the direction of motion of the platform. This belief is employ in the launch of a rocket by considering that the Earth revolves around the temperateness at 107,000km/h relative to the Sun and rotates once on its axis per day so that a point on the Equator has a rotational velocity of approximately 1,700km/h relative to the Sun. Hence, the Earth is itself a moving platform with two different motions which can be exploited in a rocket launch to gain a boost in velocity.Earth Orbit A rocket heading into orbit is launched to the east to receive a velocity boost from the Earths rotational motion. An Int erplanetary Trip The flight of a rocket heading into aloofness is timed so that it can head out in the direction of the Earths motion and thereby receive an extra boost. conk out the changing acceleration of a rocket during launch in terms of the Law of Conservation of Momentum Forces experienced by astronauts Law of Conservation of Momentum Rocket engines generate thrust by burning kindle and expelling the go outing gases.Conservation of momentum path that as the gases move one way, the rocket moves the other. (Momentum before the burning is zero hence the momentum after is likewise zero. The gases carry momentum in one direction down, and so the rocket carries an equal momentum in the opposite direction up. ) As fuel is consumed and the gases expelled, the mass of the dodging decreases. Since acceleration is relative to the thrust and inversely proportional to the mass, as the mass decreases, the acceleration increases. Hence the forces on the astronauts increase.Forces E xperienced by Astronauts g forces varied during the launch of Saturn V, a large three-stage rocket use to launch the Apollo ballistic capsule. This is attributed to the sequential shutdown of the multiple rocket engines of each stage a technique externaliseed specifically to avoid extreme g forces. William Kim HSC Physics Summary page 7 Analyse the forces involved in uniform circular motion for a place of objects, including satellites orbiting the Earth Motion Whirling rock on a string Electron orbiting atomic nucleus Car cornering Moon revolving around Earth beam revolving around EarthFc Provided By The string Electron-nucleus electrical attraction Friction between tyres and road Moon-Earth gravitational attraction Satellite-Earth gravitational attraction Compare qualitatively and quantitatively low Earth and geostationary orbits Low Earth Orbit A low Earth orbit is generally an orbit higher than approximately 250 km, in order to avoid atmospheric drag, and lower than appro ximately 1000 km, which is the altitude at which the Van Allen ray of light belts start to appear.The dummy shuttle utilises a low Earth orbit or sowhere between 250 km and 400 km depending upon the mission. At 250 km, an orbiting spacecraft has a velocity of 27,900km/h and takes just 90 minutes to dispatch an orbit of the Earth. Geostationary Orbit A geostationary orbit is at an altitude at which the period of the orbit precisely matches that of the Earth. If everyplace the Equator, such(prenominal) an orbit would allow a satellite to remain parked over a fixed point on the surface of the Earth throughout the day and night.From the Earth such a satellite appears to be stationary in the sky, always located in the same direction regardless of the time of day. This is curiously useful for communications satellites because a receiving dish need only point to a fixed spot In the sky in order to remain in contact with the satellite. The altitude of such an orbit is approximately 3 8,800 km. If a satellite at this height is not positioned over the Equator but at some other latitude, it go out not remain fixed at one point in the sky.Instead, from the Earth the satellite result appear to trace out a figure of eight path each 24 hours. It still has a period equal to the Earths, however, and so this orbit is referred to as geosynchronous. William Kim HSC Physics Summary page 8 Discuss the important of Newtons Law of Universal Gravitation in understanding and calculating the motion of satellites utilise Newtons Law of Universal Gravitation combined with the looking for centripetal force, we can see that the orbital velocity required for a limited orbit depends nly on the mass of the Earth, the radius of the Earth and the altitude of the orbit (distance from the surface of the Earth). Given that the mass and radius of the Earth have fixed values, this means that altitude is the only variable that determines the specific velocity required. In addition, the gr eater the radius of the orbit, the lower the orbital velocity required. Once a launched rocket has achieved a sufficient altitude above the surface of the Earth, it can be deepen into an orbit. It must attain a specific speed that is dependent only upon the mass and radius of the Earth and the altitude above it.If that speed is not reached, the spacecraft provide loop back in until it re-enters the asynchronous transfer mode if the speed is exceeded, it will spiral out. This can be considered by appreciating that the simplest orbital motion is a uniform speed along a circular path around the Earth. Uniform circular motion, as already mentioned, is a circular motion with a uniform orbital velocity. According to Newtons First Law of Motion, a spacecraft in orbit around the Earth, or any object in circular motion, requires some force to keep it there, otherwise it would fly off at a tangent to the circle.This force is directed back towards the centre of the circle. In the case of s pacecraft, it is the gravitational attraction between the Earth and the spacecraft that acts to maintain the circular motion that is the orbit. The force required to maintain circular motion, know as centripetal force, can be determined use the following equation mv 2 FC = r The applications programme of Newtons Law of Universal Gravitation to the orbital motion of a satellite will produce an expression for the critical orbital velocity mentioned earlier.Recall that this law states that the gravitational attraction between a satellite and the Earth would be given by the following expression m m FG = G E 2 S r This gravitational force of attraction besides serves as the centripetal force for the circular orbital motion, hence FG = FC Therefore, we can equate the formula for FG with that for FC m E mS m S v 2 G = r r2 ? v = GmE r where v = orbital velocity (ms-1) where r = rE + altitude (m) William Kim HSC Physics Summary page 9 Keplers Third Law The Law of Periods Further, we can use the expression for orbital velocity to prove Keplers Third Law the Law of Periods.The period or the time taken to complete one full orbit can be found by dividing the space of the orbit (the circumference of the circle) by the orbital velocity, v. 2? r T= v Changing the subject of this expression to v and then substituting into the formula for v given above 2? r Gm E = T r 3 Gm E r ? 2 = T 4? 2 This means that for any satellite of the Earth at any altitude, the ratio r3T2 always equals the same fixed value. William Kim HSC Physics Summary page 10 Describe how a slingshot effect is provided by planets for space essaysMany of todays space probes to distant planets such as Jupiter use a gravitational slingshot effect ( as well known as a gravity-assist trajectory) that brings the probe close to other planets to increase the probes velocity. In 1974, Mariner 10 was directed past Venus on its way to Mercury. The Pioneer and Voyager probes as well use this method. Consider a tri p to Jupiter such as the Galileo probe that involved a single fly-by of Venus and two of the Earth. As the probe approaches Venus, it is accelerated by Venus gravitational attraction, causing it to speed up relative to Venus. By Newtons Third Law, Venus will also experience a force blacking it down. Its mass, however, is so much greater than that of the probe that the velocity decrease is imperceptible. ) As the probe passes Venus, its speed is trim down (relative to Venus). congener to the Sun, however, its speed has increased. The probe picks up angular momentum from the planet (which loses an equal amount of an angular momentum). Gravity allows the coupling between the probe and planet to relieve the transfer. For this reason, gravity-assist trajectories should more correctly be called angular momentum-assist trajectories. f = vi + 2Vi Planet vi Spacecraft Vi Vf delineate for the orbital decay of satellites in low Earth orbit All satellites in low Earth orbit are subject to some degree of atmospheric drag that will hithertotually decay their orbit and limit their lifetimes. As a satellite slows, it loses altitude and begins a slow spiral downwards. As it descends, it encounters higher density air and higher drag, speeding up the puzzle out. By the time the satellite is below an altitude of 200 km it has only a few hours left before colliding with the Earth. The re-entry process generates much heat and some satellites burn up (vaporise) before impacting.William Kim HSC Physics Summary page 11 Discuss issues associated with safe re-entry into the Earths atmosphere and landing on the Earths surface There are significant technical difficulties involved in safe re-entry, the most important creation 1. The heat generated as the spacecraft contacts the Earths atmosphere and 2. Keeping the retarding-forces (g-forces) within safe limits for humans. Heating Effects The Earths atmosphere provides flowing drag on the spacecraft and as a go out high temper atures are generated by friction with air molecules. Identify that there is an optimum tip off for re-entry into the Earths atmosphere and the consequences of failing to achieve this angle. g-Forces The angle of re-entry is critical too shallow and the spacecraft will bounce off the atmosphere back into space too steep and the g-forces will be too great for the crew to survive (and the temperatures generated with the atmosphere will be too high even for the refracting materials used). The allowed angle of re-entry is 6. 2 1 relative to the Earths horizon. William Kim HSC Physics Summary page 12 3.Future space travel and exploration will think of a combination of new technologies based on online and emergent knowledge Discuss the limitation of current maximum velocities being too slow for extended space travel to be viable Scientists have not yet been able to produce speeds of spacecraft more than a few tens of thousands of kilometres per hour. When travelling to distant plan etary objects, the engines of spacecraft are not on as spacecraft rely on inertia to move along. To increase the speed significantly would require the engines to be operating, which would require more fuel.More fuel would require more thrust putting the spacecraft into orbit, which would require more fuel and so on. To increase the speed of spacecraft to values that would make interplanetary travel feasible requires a whole new technology (one not based on the firing off of gases produced by combustion). Clearly, duration current maximum velocities are just adequate for interplanetary travel, they are entirely inadequate for interstellar travel. Describe difficulties associated with effective and original communications between satellites and earth caused by distance van Allen radiation belts sunspot activityDistance Microwaves and radio waves, like all EM waves, travel through space at the speed of light. This is the fastest speed possible in our universe and therefore plac es a limit on the speed and response time of space communications. The immense distance involved in space communications creates a distance-related time lag. Also, as EM radiation obeys an inverse square law, there is a loss of signal strength as distance increases. This is referred to as space loss. Van Allen radiation belts There are two belts of energetic super super ailmentd particles, chiefly electrons and protons, lying at right angles to the equator of the Earth.Some of the solar wind particles become trapped in the Van Allen radiation belts. Intense solar activity can disassemble the Van Allen Belts. This in turn is associated with auroras and magnetized storms. The charged particles drifting around the Earth in the outer belt corresponds to an electric current and hence has an associated magnetic field. Once or twice a month this current increases and as a result its magnetic field increases. This can lead to handicap of short wave radio communication, errors in com munication satellites and even failure of electrical transmission lines.Sunspot activity Sunspots are associated with the solar wind (consisting of a stream of charged particles). The solar wind affects the Earths magnetic field and this in turn affects radio communication. William Kim HSC Physics Summary page 13 4. Current and emerging understanding about time and space has been dependent upon earlier models of the transmission of light Outline the features of the ether model for the transmission of light It was believed that light waves require a medium to propagate. Although nobody could find such a medium, belief in its existence was so lovesome that it was given a name the ether.The ether Filled all of space, had low density and was perfectly transparent Permeated all matter and yet was completely permeable to material objects Had great elasticity to livelihood and propagate the light waves Describe and evaluate the Michelson-Morley attempt to measure the relative vel ocity of the Earth through the ether The Ether Wind Because the Earth was moving around the Sun, it was reasoned that an ether wind should be blowing past the Earth. However, if a wind blows, the speed of sound relative to the stationary observer would vary.Thus it was believed that the speed of light should vary due to the presence of the ether wind. It was in an attempt to detect this difference that Michelson and Morley did their famous experiment. The Michelson-Morley Experiment Light sent from S is break up into two perpendicular beams by the half-silvered mirror at A. These two beams are then reflected back by the mirrors M1 and M2 and are recombined in the observers eye. An interference pattern results from these two beams. The beam AM1 travelled across the ether, whilst AM2 travelled with and against the ether.The times to do this can be shown to be different and so introduce a phase difference between the beams. When the entire apparatus was rotated through 90, a change in the interference pattern was expected. None was observed. The result of the Michelson-Morley experiment was that no motion of the Earth relative to the ether was detectable. M1 A S M2 Ether Wind Discuss the role of critical experiments in science, such as Michelson-Morleys, in making determinations about competing theories From a hypothesis, predictions are made of what should happen if a particular experiment is performed.If the results are not in cartel with the prediction, the hypothesis is incorrect. As we have seen, the fact that a null result was found from this experiment showed the ether hypothesis to be invalid. This opened up a completely revolutionary view of space and time with the work of Einstein. William Kim HSC Physics Summary page 14 Outline the nature of inertial frames of reference Frames of credit entry Frames of reference are objects or coordinate systems with respect to which we take measurements. Position In maths, the Cartesian coordinate system is used and position is referred to the axes x, y and z.In experiments in class, the laboratory is the frame of reference. S S r u r P v upper An object P travels with velocity v with respect to a reference frame S. Another frame S moves with velocity u relative to S. The velocity of P relative to S is v = v u. Velocity thus depends upon the reference frame. Inertial Frames of Reference An inertial frame of reference is one that is moving with constant velocity or is at rest (the two conditions being indistinguishable). In such reference frames, Newtons Law of Inertia holds. A non-inertial frame of reference is one that is accelerating. Discuss the principle of relativityThree speed of light years before Einstein, Galileo posed a simple idea, now called the principle of relativity, which states that all steady motion is relative and cannot be detected without reference to an outdoor(a) point. This idea can be found built into Newtons First Law of Motion as well. Two points to be reinf orced The principle of relativity applies only for non-accelerated steady motion This principle states that within an inertial frame of reference you cannot perform any mechanical experiment or comment that would reveal to you whether you were moving with uniform velocity or standing still.William Kim HSC Physics Summary page 15 Identify the significance of Einsteins laying claim of the constancy of the speed of light In 1905, Albert Einstein proposed that the speed of light is constant and is independent of the speed of the source or the observer. This premise explained the negative result of the MichelsonMorley experiment and showed that the ether concept was not needed. As a consequence of this law of light it can be shown that there is no such topic as an absolute frame of reference. All inertial reference frames are equivalent. That is, all motion is relative.The laws of physics are the same in all frames of reference that is, the principle of relativity always holds. R ecognise that if c is constant then space and time become relative In Newtonian physics, distance and velocity can be relative terms, but time is an absolute and fundamental quantity. Einstein radically altered the assumptions of Newtonian physics so that now the speed of light is absolute, and space and time are both relative quantities that depend upon the motion of the observer. (Our reality is what we measure it to be. Reality and observation cannot be separated. Remember this as we proceed). Discuss the concept that duration standards are defined in terms of time with reference to the original meter In other words, the measured length of an object and the time taken by an event depend entirely upon the velocity of the observer. (This is why our current standard of length is defined in terms of time the metre is the distance travelled by light in a mindlessness in the fraction 1/299792458 of a second). Identify the public utility company of discussing space/time, rather than simple space Further to this, since neither space nor time is absolute, the theory of relativity has replaced them with the concept of a space-time continuum. Space and time, not just space, are relative quantities). Account for the need, when considering space/time, to define events using four dimensions Any event then has four dimensions (three space coordinates plus a time coordinate) that fully define its position within its frame of reference. William Kim HSC Physics Summary page 16 Explain qualitatively and quantitatively the consequence of especial(a) relativity in relation to The relativity of simultaneity The equivalence between mass and energy Length contraction Time dilationThe Relativity of Simultaneity (simultaneity and the velocity of light) Observers in relative motion will disagree on the simultaneity of events separated in space. The Equivalence Between Mass and Energy The mass of a moving object is greater than when it is stationary it experiences mass dilation (covered later). Since c is the maximum speed in the universe it follows that a steady force apply to an object cannot continue to accelerate. It follows that the inertia, that is the resistance to acceleration, must increase.But inertia is a measure of mass and so the mass has increased. It is this increase in mass that prevents any object from exceeding the speed of light, because as it accelerates to higher velocities its mass increases, which means that further accelerations will require even greater force. This is further complicated by time dilation because, as speeds increase to near light speed, any applied force has less and less time in which to act. The combined effect is that as mass becomes infinite and time dilates, an infinite force would be required to achieve any acceleration at all.Sufficient force can never be supplied to accelerate beyond the speed of light. If force is applied to an object, then work is done on it energy is given to the object. This energy wo uld take the form of increased kinetic energy as the object speeds up. But at near light speed the object does not speed up. The applied force is giving energy to the object and the object does not acquire the kinetic energy we would expect. Instead, it acquires extra mass. Einstein made an inference here and stated that the mass (or inertia) of the object contained the extra energy.Relativity results in a new definition of energy as follows E = E k + mc 2 where E = total energy, Ek = kinetic energy, m = mass, c = speed of light When an object is stationary, it has no kinetic energy, but still has some energy due to its mass. This is called its mass energy or rest energy and is given by 8 -1 E = mc 2 where E = rest energy (J), m = mass (kg), c = speed of light (3 x 10 m s ) William Kim HSC Physics Summary page 17 Implications of Special Relativity To measure speed we need to measure distance and time. If c remains constant, then it follows that distance (length) and time must chang e.Space and time are relative concepts. Length Contraction (the Lorentz-FitzGerald Contraction) The length of a moving rod appears to contract in the direction of motion relative to a stationary observer. l = l0 1 ? v2 c2 where l is the moving length, l0 is the rest length (that is, the length as measured by an observer at rest with respect to the rod) and v is the speed of the rod. Time Dilation Time in a moving frame appears to go slower relative to a stationary observer t= t0 1? v c2 2 where t is the observed time for a stationary observer and t0 is the time for an observer travelling in the frame. 0 is called the proper time (this is the time measured by an observer give at the same location as the events that indicate the start and end of an event). Mass Dilation The mass of a moving object is greater than when it is stationary. m= m0 1? v2 c2 where m is the mass for a moving object and m0 is the mass for that object when it is stationary. Discuss the implications of time di lation and length contraction for space travel The relativity of time allows for space travel into the future but not into the past.When travelling at relativistic speeds (0. 1c or faster), relativity influences the time that passes on the spacecraft. Astronauts on a relativistic interstellar journey would find their trip has taken fewer years than observed on Earth. William Kim HSC Physics Summary page 18 Core Topic Two Motors and Generators 1. Motors use the effect of forces on current-carrying conductors in magnetic handle Identify that moving charged particles in a magnetic field experience a force Charged particles moving in an impertinent magnetic field will experience a force.If the moving charged particles are flowing through, and confined within, a conductor that is in an external magnetic field, the conductor will also experience a force. This effect is known as the ride effect. F = qvB Use left hand FBI gun An example Van Allen Radiation Belts The Earths magnetic fie ld captures charged particles from the solar wind (low energy) and cosmic rays (high energy). The charges are force to spiral along the field lines accumulating into two doughnut-shaped belts of radiation called the upper and lower Van Allen radiation belts.William Kim HSC Physics Summary page 19 Discuss the effect, on the magnitude of the force on a current-carrying conductor, of variations in The strength of the magnetic field in which it is located The magnitude of the current in the conductor The length of the conductor in the external magnetic field The angle between the direction of the external magnetic field and the direction of the length of the conductor The force is proportional to the magnetic field strength, B The force is proportional to the current, I The force is proportional to the length, L The force is at a maximum when the conductor is at right angles to the field, and is zero when the conductor is parallel to the field. The magnitude of the force is proportion al to the component of the field that is at right angles to the conductor. F = BIl sin ? William Kim HSC Physics Summary page 20 Describe qualitatively and quantitatively the force on long parallel current-carrying conductors Amperes Law Two parallel fit outs, each carrying a current, will exert a force on the other. This happens because each current produces a magnetic field (as in Oersteds experiment).Therefore each wire finds itself carrying a current across the magnetic field produced by the other wire and hence experiences a force. Determining the magnitude of the force between two parallel conductors The magnetic field strength at a distance, d, from a long straight conductor carrying a current, I, can be found using the formula kI B= d -7 -2 where k = 2. 0 x 10 N A The magnitude of the force experienced by a length, l, of a conductor due to to an external magnetic field is F = I 2 lB or ? kI ? F = I 2l ? 1 ? ? d ? rearranged F II =k 1 2 l d F II =k 1 2 l d (Amperes law) I1 I2 If currents are in the same direction, then the conductors will attract. If currents are in opposite directions, then the conductors will repel. William Kim HSC Physics Summary page 21 Define torque as the turning moment of a force using Torque is turning force. Its units are Newton-metres (Nm). ? = Fd where ? = torque, in Nm F = force, in N D = distance from rotational axis, in m F = BIl ? =BIld rotational axis d ? = Fd Identify the forces experienced by a currentcarrying loop in a magnetic field and describe the net result of the forces b max ? = nBIA zero ? b Current Loops N I F = BIl ? =BIld ? = ? 1 + ? 2 = BIld + BIld = 2 BIld = BI (l ? 2d ) = BIA S ? = nBIA cos ? ? b (For each turn of the loop) Generally, ? =nBIA cos ? William Kim HSC Physics Summary page 22 Account for the motor effect due to the force acting on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field The motor effect Recall that charged particles moving in an external magnetic field will experience a force. If the moving charged particles are flowing through, and confined within, a conductor that is in an external magnetic field, the conductor will also experience a force.An electric motor is a thingmajig that transforms electrical potential energy into rotational kinetic energy. Describe the main features of a DC electric motor Discuss the importance of the invention of the commutator for developing electric motors Describe the role of the metal split ring and the brushes in the operation of the commutator image of a DC motor Permanent magnets provide an external magnetic field in which the volute rotates. As the magnets are fixed, they are known as the stator. Rotating roller carries a direct current that interacts with the magnetic field, producing torque. Armature is made of ferromagnetic material and allows the coil to rotate freely on an axle. The armature and coil together are known as the rotor. The armature protrudes from the motor casing, enabling the movement of th e coil to be used to do work. Commutators reverse the current of the coil every half turn to maintain consistent direction and torque. It is a mechanical switch that automatically changes the direction of the current flowing through the coil when the torque falls to zero. Brushes maintain electrical contact of coils with the rest of the lick.The phylogenesis of DC motors outstripped that of AC motors and origins for two reasons Voltaic batteries could supply major occasion They could use powerful electromagnets that were far stronger than permanent magnets The suppuration of the commutator was important because it led to the development of modern electric motors and generators. It enabled motors to provide steady circular motion of a drive shaft. Describe how the required magnetic handle can be produced either by currentcarrying coils or permanent magnets The magnetic field of a DC motor can be provided either by permanent magnets or by electromagnets.William Kim HSC Phy sics Summary page 23 2. The relative motion between a conductor and magnetic field is used to generate an electrical voltage Outline Michael Faradays discovery of the generation of an electric current by a moving magnet Faraday had found that 3 things are necessary to generate (or induce) an EMF (voltage supply) A magnetic field (from some magnets or electromagnet) A conductor (eg. wire or coil of wire) Relative motion / change between the field and the conductor If the conductor formed a closed loop then an induced current would also flow. ire If this wire is dropped so that it cuts shuffle lines, then a voltage appears between the ends because electrons are forced to the right. They eventually stop moving because they create an electric field pushing them back. As long as the magnet is moving, an electric potential and current is induced. Faradays Law ? =? n ? where ? = induced EMF, in V n = number of turns on coil ? = change in ? = magnetic flux, in Wb = BA B = magnetic fl ux density (field strength), in T The induced voltage can be increased by Increasing n more turns on the coil Increasing B use strong magnets Increasing A use a bigger coil Decreasing t go faster B A = area of coil in m 2 ? = time taken for to occur William Kim HSC Physics Summary page 24 Define magnetic field strength B as magnetic flux density Magnetic flux density is the magnetic flux per unit area and is a measure of the magnetic field strength. Explain the concept of magnetic flux in terms of magnetic flux density and surface area ? = BA sin ? where B = magnetic flux density, in T A = area, in m 2 ? = magnetic flux, in Wb Explain generated potential difference as the rate of change of magnetic flux through a circuit The induced emf is proportional to the rate of change of flux through the circuit.See Faradays Law (above). Account for Lenzs Law in terms of conservation of energy and relate it to the production of back emf in motors Lenzs Law This is a adjunct law to Farad ays Law. It says that any induced emf or current will have a direction that opposes the change that caused it. This is authentically just a restatement of the law of conservation of energy because the induced electrical energy has come from the thing that causes the original motion. Eg. In a hydroelectric power station, the kinetic energy of flowing water is converted into electrical energy. NWilliam Kim HSC Physics Summary page 25 Explain that, in electric motors, back emf opposes the supply emf Back emf Back emf is generated in any coil that experiences changing B fields, even though it is producing them. Note that back emf is frequence dependent the higher the relative frequency of the changing field, the greater the back emf produced. Back emf is also produced in the rotating coil of a motor When the motor is revolve at its operating speed, back emf will have its max value, but When the motor is just turned on it isnt tailspinning yet so there is no back emf. This can lead to excessive current so the motor may be protected by using a starting resistance that limits current. When up to speed the resistor is taken out of the circuit. The coil becomes an electromagnet and generates an change B field BUT it also experiences the changing B field and generates its own emf that opposes the applied emf. Apply Lenzs Law to the production of eddy currents Eddy Currents are induced currents (usually outcast or unintended) in two-dimensional conductors (eg. sheet metal) or three-dimensional conductors (eg. a block of steel).Sometimes it is necessary to design against them. Eg. the core of a motor is made of well-situated iron, and is made of thin layers (laminated) to prevent eddy currents. Some devices rely on eddy currents to work Electromagnetic braking a moving conductor near magnets will slow down because the eddy currents oppose its motion. Electromagnetic switching security gates that are really coils with AC generate a high frequency B field. Metal in this field develops eddy currents that work against the field, slowing it down. A detector circuit picks up on this and sets off an alarm.Induction Cooktops- are an application of Faradays Law. Instead of a heating element, this cooktop contains a set of coils with alternating current passing through them. This produces a changing B field above the cooktop. A metal saucepan placed on the cooktop is a conductor in the changing B field and therefore an electric current is induced in the base of the pan. The current heats the pan, and this heat cooks the food. Induction cooktops are approximately twice as efficient as a gas cooktop, but are valuable to purchase. William Kim HSC Physics Summary page 26 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Movement of metal Eddy current loop 3. Generators are used to provide large scale power production in isolated areas and as a backup in emergency situations Identify the main components of a gene rator An electric generator (dynamo) is a device that includes all of the elements necessary to transform mechanical kinetic energy to electrical energy according to Faradays Law A magnetic field (provided by a set of permanent magnets) A conductor (a coil mounted on an axle, so it can spin) Relative motion (the coil is made to spin by some other form of energy). Compare the structure and function of a generator to an electric motor In fact, most generators are constructed just like a motor, however the flow of energy through them is different. Motor electrical energy a kinetic energy Generator kinetic energy a electrical energy Describe the operation of an AC and a DC generator EMF is generated in the coil and a circuit is spotless to the outside world through ring connectors, just like motors. If standard slip rings are used then a dynamo naturally produces alternating current AC. I t E t Doubling the frequency of rotation doubles the maximum induced emf If a split ring commu tator is used instead, then the direction of the current flowing from the coil is reversed every ? cycle. This produces a pulsing type of direct current DC. + I t William Kim HSC Physics Summary page 27 Discuss the energy losses that occur as energy is fed through transmission lines from the generator to the consumer Analyse the effects of the development of AC and DC generators on society and the environmentEven good electrical conductors like copper used to supply electricity, sometimes through ample cable lengths to towns and cities, generate substantial resistances. It follows that to minimise energy loss in the wires, the current needs to be kept low (heating losses vary as the square of the current). This is achieved by transmitting the energy at high voltages. Impact on society Impact on environment Positive Improved life-style Street lighting Electric trains Communication Computerisation of many systems eg. anking, stock market Industrial development a more jobs Lots of electric trains have reduced pollution from steam trains and made public transport more available Electricity has replaced older, more-polluting technologies eg. electrical heating instead of coal burning in fireplaces nix Possible risk of cancer living near distribution cables Longer working hours Reliance on electricity leaves us vulnerable to systems loss due to electrical failure Burning coal in power stations produces smoke and CO2 (a greenhouse gas) Nuclear power stations produce radioactive water & have a risk of nuclear accident Hydroelectric schemes redirect water away from river habitats Mining impacts negatively on environment opthalmic pollution of cables Assess evidence about the physiological effects on humans living near high voltage power lines 1979 study found children living near high voltage power lines appeared to develop a particular form of cancer. 997 study showed no evidence of an increase risk of childishness cancer at residential magnetic field le vels. 1998 panel stated that EM fields should be considered possible human carcinogens and that there is no definitive and consistent evidence that EM fields cause any human disease. William Kim HSC Physics Summary page 28 4. Transformers allow generated voltage to be either increased or decreased before it is used Explain the purpose and principles of transformers in electrical circuits A transformer is a device that alters the voltage and current of an electricity supply.The AC voltage source produces an alternating current in the main(a) coil. This produces an alternating B field that threads through the secondary coil. The secondary coil now has Conductor B field Change and therefore generates its own voltage. If there is a closed loop then an alternating current will flow as well. Compare step-up and stepdown transformers Step-up transformers increase voltage and decrease current Step-down transformers decrease voltage and increase current set the relationship between the ratio of the number of turns in the primary and secondary coils and the ratio of primary to secondary voltage Vp = primary voltage (voltage in) Ip = primary current np = number of turns on primary coil Vs = secondary voltage (voltage out) Is = secondary current ns = number of turns on secondary coil Vp Vs = np ns If 100% efficient (this needs perfect flux linkage, usually using an iron core) then Power in primary = Power in secondary ? V p I p = Vs I s ? ? Vp Vs Vp Vs = = Is Ip np ns = Is IpWilliam Kim HSC Physics Summary page 29 Explain why voltage transformations are related to the conservation of energy The Principle of Conservation of Energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed but that it can be transformed from one form to another. This means that if a step-up transformer gives a greater voltage at the output, its current must be decreased i. e. power in = power out. Explain the role of transformers in electricity sub-stations NSW power stations produce el ectricity with a voltage of about 23,000 V and a current of about 30,000 A.Unfortunately, this amount is too high to be sent through a cable. This is because it heats the cable causing energy loss. This is called joule heating and happens because P = I2R So to reduce joule heating, the current must be reduced as much as possible with a step-up transformer. Additional transformers between the power station and consumer (in sub-stations) gradually stepdown the voltage, to 240 V by the time it gets to household users. This is because at high voltages, electricity can conduct through air, making it breakneck for use in the home. Discuss why some electrical appliances in the home that are connected to the mains domestic power supply use a transformer Most electronic circuits are designed to operate at low DC voltages of between 3 V and 12 V. Therefore, household appliances that have electronic circuits in them will have either a plug-in transformer or an inbuilt transformer to step down the domestic 240 V supply. These transformers also have a rectifier circuit built into them that converts AC to DC.TVs also contain a step-up transformer for producing the high voltages needed for the CRT. Analyse the impact of the development of transformers on society The development of the generator and transformer has allowed for the setting up of national power power grids in more or less every country, making that most convenient and flexible form of energy, electricity, accessible from many miles away. The transformers role is to step voltage up and down to make efficient transportation and distribution possible. William Kim HSC Physics Summary page 30 5.Motors are used in industries and the home usually to convert electrical energy into more useful forms of energy Describe the main features of an AC electric motor AC induction motor The rotor end rings short circuit non-ferrous rotor bars, that is sealed i. e. no external connections at all (usually a squirrel confin e). Encased in a laminated iron armature. The stator surrounding electromagnet. Connection to stator the surrounding electromagnet receives the AC. In an AC induction motor, the principle of operation is 1. AC to surrounding electromagnet, which 2.Produces an oscillating (rotating) B field, which 3. Induces a current in the rotor, which 4. Turns the rotor into an electromagnet that 5. Tries to oppose the field being generated by the stator. 6. The stator and the rotor push against each other (using their B fields), which 7. Causes the rotor to turn Brilliant AC (synchronous) motor A rotating coil Surrounding magnets Connection to coil via slip rings (commutator for DC motor) Explain that AC motors usually produce low power and relate this to their use in power tools Power is the rate of work. Work is done when energy is transformed from one type to another.Induction motors are considered to produce low power because the amount of mechanical work they achieve is low compared with the electrical energy consumed. The disoriented power of induction motors is consumed in magnetising the working parts of the motor and in creating induction currents in the rotor. AC induction motors are considered to be unsuitable for use in heavy industry because their low power rating would make them too expensive to run when performing a specific task. However, they are used extensively in power tools and electric domestic appliances where the loss of power is not economically significant. Explain the advantages of induction motors Advantages of AC induction motors 1. Simplicity of design 2. High efficiency (hence low maintenance there are no brushes or commutators to wear out) 3. Relatively low cost William Kim HSC Physics Summary page 31 Core Topic Three From Ideas to Implementation 1. Increased understandings of cathode rays led to the development of television Explain that cathode ray tubes allowed the manipulation of a stream of charged particles Discharge Tubes Investigation of vacuum tubes could not occur until good vacuum pumps had been invented.A vacuum tube is a glass tube fitted with an electrode at either end, and almost all of the air sucked out. The positive electrode is the anode The negative electrode is the cathode. When a high voltage is connected between the electrodes, an invisible ray travels from the cathode to the anode. They were called cathode rays. Cathode rays cause glass to glow green. A discharge tube is a cathode ray tube with a vacuum pump fitted, so that the air pressure inside the tube can be varied. At different air pressures, different bright effects appear in the tubes e. . bands, striations and dark spaces. These are caused by cathode rays striking atoms in the air inside the tube. The atoms become excited then release photons of visible light A beam of electrons travels from the cathode to the anode and can be deflected by electrical and/or magnetic fields. Anode shabu glows here Cathode Explain why the apparent inconsistent behaviour of cathode rays caused debate as to whether they were charged particles or electromagnetic waves In 1892 Hertz demonstrated that cathode rays could percolate thin metal foils.This he believed supported a wave nature. In 1895 Jean-Baptise Perrin showed that cathode rays deposited negative charges on impact with an object, suggesting a particle nature. There was controversy over the nature of cathode rays waves or particles. William Kim HSC Physics Summary page 32 Identify that charged plates produce an electric field If metal plates are separated by a distance and are attached to a power source, an electric field will be produced between them. E = V/d Describe quantitatively the force acting on a charge moving through a magnetic fieldRecall that the force (F) acting on a charge (q) moving with a velocity (v) at an angle to a magnetic field (B), is given by FB = qvB Where FB = magnetic force (N) q = charge (C) v = velocity of charge (ms-1) B = mag netic field strength (T) Discuss qualitatively the electric field strength due to a point charge, positive and negative charges and oppositely charged parallel plates. Describe quantitatively the electric field due to oppositely charged parallel plates ++++++++ If a positive charge is placed near another positive charge, it will experience a force of repulsion.A positive charge placed in a field will experience a force in the direction of the arrow. A negative charge placed in a field will experience a force opposite to the direction of the arrow. FE = qE Where FE = electric force (N) q = charge (C) E = electric field strength (NC-1) William Kim HSC Physics Summary page 33 Outline Thomsons experiment to measure the charge/mass ratio of an electron Cathode ray particles ? v? B ? ? ? ? ? ? ? FM ? ? FE ? ? ? v? E ? ? ? J. J. Thomsons Experiment By fitting plates to his CRT, he could subject the cathode rays to an electric field.The rays deflected, proving that they were charged p articles, not electromagnetic waves. He noticed that the rays deflected toward the positive plate, proving that they were negatively charged particles. By crossing electric and magnetic fields, Thomson was able to deduce the velocity of the cathode rays. By turning off the E field, the particles followed a circular arc caused by the B field. The magnetic force was acting like a centripetal force. mv qvB = r q v ? = m Br 2 ? FM = FE qvB = qE E ? v = B Thomson adjusted the strength of the fields so that the particles were not deflected.By carefully criterion the strength of the fields, Thomson could calculate v. Thomson had already measured B and worked out v. By measuring the radius of curvature r, he could then calculate q/m, i. e. the charge/mass ratio of an electron. q/m for these particles was 1800 times greater than for a hydrogen ion, the simplest known atomic ion. Thomson quickly compared the charges and found them to be about the same (though opposite in sign) Therefore m ass for cathode ray particles was 1800 times small than hydrogen Therefore cathode ray particles were subatomic particlesThis was the first discovery of subatomic particles They were later called electrons. William Kim HSC Physics Summary page 34 Outline the role in a cathode ray tube of Electrodes in the electrode gun The electric field The fluorescent screen The Cathode Ray Tube Each CRT has a vacuum tube/chamber, a cathode, an anode, and a target. Electrodes in the electron gun The electron gun produces a narrow beam of electrons. It consists of a filament, a cathode and two open-cylinder anodes. The anodes jock to accelerate and focus the electrons.A ring shaped electrode the grid between the cathode and anodes controls the brightness of the spot by controlling the number of electrons emitted by the gun. By making the grid negative with respect to the cathode the number of electrons, and hence the brightness is reduced. The electric field Acts as a deflection system. It co nsists of two sets of parallel plates connected to a parallel plates connected to a potential difference. This produces an electric field between the plates. The Y-plates control the vertical deflection and the X-plates the horizontal deflection.The fluorescent screen The inside glass of the end of the tube is coated with a fluorescent material for example, zinc sulphide. When an electron beam hits the screen, the coating fluoresces and a spot of light is seen on the screen. The screen acts as a detector of cathode rays. Electrons Cathode Anode To plates and screen William Kim HSC Physics Summary page 35 Outline applications of cathode rays in oscilloscopes, electron microscopes and television sets The Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO) Is an electronics diagnostics device because it can show a graph of how voltages vary over time.Deflection of the electron beam is achieved by two sets of plates. Horizontal plates cause vertical deflection while vertical plates cause horizontal deflec tion. TV Tube An electron gun again produces the electron beam. Coils are used instead of plates, however. Electric current through the coils produce magnetic fields that can deflect the beams quickly from side to side, and more slowly from bottom to top. In this way the beam scans the entire screen. By varying the intensity of the beam, a picture is built up. The picture is refreshed 50 times / second, which is too fast to be noticed by the human eye.The Electron Microscope Uses electrons instead of light. Their wavelength is 100,000 times smaller than visible light, therefore their resolving power is 100,000 times greater. A sample is placed inside the chamber (which is really the CRT) The air is then sucked out An electron gun produces the electron beam Coils produce magnetic fields to focus the beam (magnetic lenses) The beam scans over the surface of the sample Detectors pick up the reflected and scattered electron beam, and from this information a 3 dimensional image is constructed Discuss the impact of increased understandings of cathode rays and the development of the oscilloscope on experimental physics The introduction of electronic control systems into all forms of science and industry has seen the cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO) become one of the most widely utilised test instruments. Because of its ability to make voltages visible, the cathode ray oscilloscope is a powerful diagnostic and development tool. William Kim HSC Physics Summary page 36 2.The reconceptualisation of the model of light led to an understanding of the photoelectrical effect and black body radiation Explain qualitatively Hertzs experiments in measuring the speed of radio waves and how they relate to light waves Recall Maxwells theory of electromagnetic waves In 1864 Maxwell, through a set of four brilliant equations, predicted a range of invisible waves made up of an electric and magnetic wave that regenerate each other. The speed of these waves was calculated to be 3 x 108 ms-1 and probably included light.E v B Heinrich Hertzs Experiment (proving Maxwells theory) Performed in 1886, Hertz built equipment to generate and transmit EM waves with ? ? 1m. He also had a separate receiver (a loop of wire) located about 20m away. Spark gaps were included to show when high voltage AC was present in the sender or receiver. The receiver spark only appeared when the transmitter spark was present. Hertz hypothesised that the sparks set up changing electric and magnetic fields that propagated as an electromagnetic ave, as postulated by Maxwell. He showed that these were waves being transmitted because he could reflect, refract and polarise them. By measuring the frequency, he calculated v (v = f ? ) and it came out as 3 x 108 ms-1. These properties proved Maxwells theory and as they are also exhibited by light, Hertz was able to provide experimental evidence that light is a form of transverse electromagnetic wave. to induction coil 1mm gap transmitter charged plates receiver William Kim HSC Physics Summary page 37 Describe Hertzs observation of the effect of a radio wave on a receiver and the photoelectric effect he produced but failed to investigate Outline applications of the production of electromagnetic waves by oscillating electric charges in radio antennae Hertz observed that the transmitter spark was producing s

Treibacher Industrie

Treibacher Industrie, A. G. v Allegheny Technologies, Inc (2006) Facts The case proceeded to a bench trial, where TDY and Treibacher disputed the meaning of the term freightage-the delivery term contained in both shoots. ? TDY introduced experts in the surface industry who testified that the term consignment, according to its common usage in the trade, meant that no sale occurred unless and until TDY very used the TaC. Treibacher introduced evidence of the parties prior dealings to show that the parties, in their demarcation of dealings (extending over a seven-year period), infrastood the term consignment to mean that TDY had a binding obligation to pay for any of the TaC specified in all(prenominal) contract but that Treibacher would delay billing TDY for the materials until TDY had existingly used them. TDY now appeals. ? TDY contends that, under the CISG, a contract term should be construed according to its customary usage in the industry unless the parties have expressly agreed to anformer(a) usage. TDY argues, in the alternative, that the partition romance erred in finding that, in their course of dealings, Treibacher and TDY understood the term consignment to require TDY to use and pay for all of the TaC specified in severally contract. ? Finally, TDY contends that, if we uphold the district acts ruling that TDY breached its contracts with Treibacher, we should remand the case for a new trial on damages on the ground that the district court mistakenly found that Treibacher reasonably mitigated its damages. SUMMARY AND FINDINGSA) By analysis of the CISG, which governs the formation of and rights and obligations under contracts for the international sale of goods. ? CISG, arts. 1, 4. ? denomination 9 of the CISG provides the rules for interpreting the terms of contracts. ? Article 9(1) states that, parties argon certain by any usage to which they have agreed and by any practices which they have conventional between themselves. ? Article 9(2) th en states that, parties are considered, unless otherwise agreed, to have impliedly made applicable to their contract which under international trade and well known? All parties to contracts of the type involved in the token trade concerned. ? Article 8 of the CISG governs the interpretation of the parties statements and conduct. ? A partys statements and conduct are interpreted according to that partys actual intent where the other party knew ? what that intent was, CISG, art. 8(1), but, if the other party was unaware of that partys actual intent, then according to the understanding that a apt person ? would have had in the same circumstances, CISG, art. (2). ? To determine a partys actual intent, or a reasonable interpretation thereof, due consideration is to be given to all relevant circumstances of the case including the negotiations, any practices which the parties have established between themselves, usages and any subsequent conduct of the parties. ? CISG, art. 8(3). Whi ch Treibachers materials in consignment store, published usage reports and invoices to support the order made. One of evidence to goods receive parties are known the action made.In arguing that TDY knowing the terms customary usage takes precedence over the parties understanding of that term in their course of dealings, in which states that, parties are considered, unless otherwise agreed, to have made applicable to their contract customary trade usages.? In support of its argument, TDY can points it out anytime when they are question and revise the contract in between themselves. If not, intended the word agreed, in article 9, to mean express agreement, as opposed to silent agreement by course of conduct. ? B)?The district court did not rely clear error in finding that, in their course of dealings, TDY and Treibacher defined the term consignment to require TDY to accept and pay for all of the TaC specified in each contract. ? The parties do not dispute that they executed, between 1993 and 2000, a series of contracts in which Treibacher agreed to sell certain hard metal powders, such(prenominal) as TaC, to TDY. ? Which TDY has number of times to discuss the contract and terms, also whereby how Treibacher agreed to sell a unflinching quantity of materials at a fixed price for delivery to consignment. In additional, some of material needs to install upon TDYs request and all the logistic issue follow in between Treibacher and TDY such kept the materials it received from Treibacher in a consignment store, where the materials were labeled as being from Treibacher and segregated from other vendors materials with all the usage report and record. ?In each instance, TDY ultimately withdrew and paid for the full quantity of materials specified in each contract.Obviously they had been communicated each other for the order. In regards of damages claims, the district court did not commit clear error in finding that Treibacher reasonably mitigated its damages. ? The CISG requires a party claiming breach of contract to take such measures as are reasonable in the circumstances to mitigate the loss. , but it places the burden on the breaching party to claim a reduction in the damages in the amount by which the loss should have been mitigated. ?In sum, the district court properly determined that, under the CISG, the meaning the parties assign to a contractual term in their course of dealings establishes the meaning of that term in the face of a conflicting customary usage of the term. Which in the normal practices for order and the judgment of the district court is affirmed.? The district court was not clearly erroneous in finding that Treibacher and TDY understood their contracts to require TDY to purchase all of the TaC specified in each contract and that Treibacher took reasonable measures to mitigate its losses after TDY breached. ?

Mobile Application on Mindanao State University Essay

The proposed system entitled MSU layer Module on Mobile using Android OS is a mobile version of the current Grade Module of Mindanao State University. This system enables the instructor to stimulant grades and update INC grades at both location and at any time. Obtaining the Grade Module password is also done using mobile connection.Reasons* With the convenience of an Android-powered mobile phone, the instructor does not require to physically go to the clerk to request for Grade Module password. * The Grade Module password is sent through email which is more secure than printed Grade Module stub. * The instructor does not need to be in their respective department or in the university to input and/or update grades. * The scarcity of in stock(predicate) computers in the university is no longer a concern. * If the instructor is away for seminars, vacations, and other reasons, the instructor no longer needs to request favour from other instructors to input and/or update grades for them, thus the accountability of the grade resides only to the instructor in-charge and lessen bothering other instructors. * With this kind of application, an instructor can become invisible from students who slip away following him/her because of various reasons.Possible Problem* Not all instructors have an Android-powered mobile phone. * Not all instructors maintain an email address, especially those who are not technology-savvy. * Internet connection is not stable for instructors who want to input and/or update grades within the university. * The availability of online modules of the university is not stable.

Orlando Garcia, Jr. vs. Ranida and Ramon Salvador Essay

Orlando Garcia, Jr. (Community Diagnostics Center) vs. Ranida and Ramon Salvador G.R. No. 168512 March 20, 2007FACTSRespondent Ranida Salvador underwent a medical examination at the Community Diagnostics Center (CDC) as a prerequisite for regular employment. Garcia, a medical technologist, conducted the HBs Ag (Hepatitis B Surface Antigen) test. On October 22, 1993, CDC issued the test result indicating that Ranida was HBs Ag Reactive. The result bore the digit and signature of Garcia as examiner and the rubber stamp signature of Dr. Castro as pathologist. When Ranida submitted the test result to Dr. Sto. Domingo, the Company medico, the latter apprised her that the findings indicated that she is suffering from Hepatitis B, a liver disease.Thus, found on the medical report submitted by Sto. Domingo, the Company terminated Ranidas employment for failing the physical examination. It was later determined that there was an error in the previous examination and that the respondent was not suffering from Hepatitis B. Respondent was rehired by the company. ISSUEWhether Garcia (CDC) is liable for damages to the respondents for issuing an incorrect HBsAG test result. HELDThe Court held that CDC was inattentive because there was no licensed physician in CDC as required by law. CDC is not administered, directed and supervised by a licensed physician as required by law, but by Ma. Ruby C. Calderon, a licensed Medical Technologist. In the License to Open and Operate a clinical Laboratory for the years 1993 and 1996 issued by Dr. Juan R. Naagas, M.D., Undersecretary for Health Facilities, Standards and Regulation, defendant-appellee Castro was named as the head of CDC. However, defendant pathologist is not the owner of the Community Diagnostic Center nor an employee of the same nor the employer of its employees.Defendant pathologist comes to the Community Diagnostic Center when and where a problem is referred to him. Castros infrequent visit to the clinical laboratory b arely qualifies as an hard-hitting administrative supervision and control over the activities in the laboratory. Supervision and control means the authority to act directly whenever a specific function is entrusted by law or regulation to a subordinate direct the performance of duty restrain the commission of acts review, approve, revise or modifyacts and decisions of subordinate officials or units. Moreover, Garcia conducted the HBsAG test of respondent Ranida without the supervision of defendant-appellee Castro. Lastly, the disputed HBsAG test result was released to respondent Ranida without the authorization of defendant-appellee Castro.

My Professional Goals

My long term professional goal is to be a Pediatrics Nurse Practitioner. universe a caring person especially to the children is a part of my personality. I have always love children and it burdens me whenever I see children sick. Sympathizing will not do any good, I have an urge to do something to cure, prevent and ease their ailments so I concluded that being a Nurse would be the best choice. Every time my children got sick I wish that I could respond not just as a parent who support but a parent who cares.An event that really encouraged me to fall out becoming a Pediatrics Nurse Practitioner is when my two-year old little girl got a molybdenum degree burn. She was admitted at the Childrens Hospital in Seattle, WA. I saw the nurses taking care of my daughter more than I could. I am neither intimidated nor jealous of the nurse looking subsequently my daughter. What I felt was guilt. I know that I have the passion for taking care of children. I know that I am capable of being a good nurse. After that event, I make up my mind to I will be a Pediatric Nurse.I am pursue the nursing field so that I can graduate as a Registered Nurse with Bachelors of intelligence degree. I will work as a staff nurse, but after about a year I want to choose my specialty as a pediatrics nurse. I am also aiming to apply in a graduate school to achieve my ARNP license and to get my know degree in Nursing with the specialty of pediatrics. Then I plan to work as a Pediatrics Nurse Practitioner for a hospital or clinic. I have a craving to go in rural areas in able to help more children because medical treatments are express mail in such areas. I am hoping to be accepted to the nursing school so that I can achieve my first goal towards success.